Search results - CEJSH

1

Fiscal Policy in European Union Countries in Time of the Economic Crisis – Attempt to Estimation

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Jachowicz A.

Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie

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2015

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vol. 16

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issue 1

39-50

EN

In this article, stability of fiscal policy and its impact on fiscal market have been analyzed. The issue appears especially important in times of the financial crisis which has affected all the European Union countries, although to a different extent. To achieve this, the author presented the aims, the tools and the aspects of financial stability to confront them with the situation that has occurred in the EU countries. To present the issue profoundly, the scientific research related to fiscal policy and its impact on financial markets were used in two opening units. In the third unit, the statistic data was cited to show the condition of the EU countries, the changes to it and the attempts aimed at improving the state of the public finance and therefore stabilizing financial markets.

2

Competitiveness, fiscal policy and corruption: evidence from Central and Eastern European countries

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Tiganasu R., Pascariu G., Lupu D.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2022

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vol. 13

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issue 3

667-698

EN

Research background: The transformations induced by global challenges call for new approaches towards competitiveness and thus require a consistent rethinking of strategies and mechanisms so that they could be better adapted to the constantly changing context. Prior to the European Union (EU) accession, the Central and Eastern European (CEE) states began a broad process of economic reforms, including trade liberalization, mass privatization, exchange rate liberalization, all of which led to a wider opening to new markets, the creation of new opportunities for production and to ensuring the competitiveness of companies on foreign markets. By far, the most important step in the post-communist period was joining the EU, achieved after 2004. Over time, these states have faced, on the one hand, issues related to addressing systemic vulnerabilities, and on the other hand, finding the most appropriate measures to induce competitiveness. The influence of public policies on competitiveness is still an issue that needs to be debated, our study proposing to examine the reaction of external competitiveness to the increase of government spending and corruption. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of fiscal policies and corruption on the external competitiveness of the eleven countries from Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) for the period 1995-2020. The choice of this time interval is to better capture the trinomial relationship between competitiveness, fiscal policy and corruption before and after the process of integration of the CEE states into the EU. Methods: The methodology chosen is based on ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) with structural breaks, the period taken into account being 1995-2020. The Unit root test of augmented Dickey-Fuller ADF (2016) was used to assess the time series stationarity. The test developed by Bai and Perron (2003) is applied to detect structural breaks, by resorting to the LM test. The tests for the cointegration between the considered variables, using the ARDL model, proposed by Pesaran et al. (2001), were also part of the research. The causality test of Granger et al. (2000) was used to assess the conditionality between the indicators. By applying these methods, it was highlighted that, especially after 2007, in the states under analysis, expansionary fiscal policies have led to internal devaluations of the currency, which ultimately increased external competitiveness, measured as real effective exchange rate. Instead, corruption has a negative impact on competitiveness. Findings & value added: The obtained results point out the relationship between competitiveness, fiscal policy and corruption in CEE countries. In the case of those that have a high competitiveness, even if there are large government expenditures, there is also an economic environment conducive to the implementation of measures that generate added value on a large scale. Conversely, in countries where corruption is high, the impact of government fiscal policies on competitiveness is reduced due to the negative effects caused by this phenomenon. Our study brings at least two contributions to the literature. First of all, the research shows how a growth in public spending affects the competitiveness of CEE economies through the real exchange rate. Secondly, it takes into account the phenomenon of corruption applied to Eastern countries, emphasizing a decrease in the external competitiveness of these economies in response to the manifestation of corruption.

3

Research and Development and Tax Incentives

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Hodžić S.

South East European Journal of Economics and Business

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2012

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vol. 7

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issue 2

51-62

EN

In many countries, tax incentives are a popular means to achieve political, economic and social objectives. Their aim is to reach and accelerate certain activities of public interest. Furthermore, one of the objectives is to accelerate the development of a certain industry and influence the growth of research and investment in foreign capital. Innovation is the key element that helps a company achieve competitive advantage. Global competition is forced to offer unique products with added values on the market. Tax incentives for research and development are an important factor of innovation. This paper aims to present the importance of research and development, as well as the role of tax incentives. States should use their fiscal policy to stimulate investment in research and development through various forms of tax relief. The Republic of Croatia applies tax incentives for research and development, but to a significantly less extent than other European Union countries.

4

Assessment of Poland's Economic Policy During the Crisis

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Krajewski S.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

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2013

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vol. 8

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issue 3

195-210

EN

The rapid weakening of economic activity, covering most states in the world, gives rise to a lively discussion on the choice of methods to tackle the crisis, the legitimacy and effectiveness of various economic policies, the role of the state and the scope of its intervention in the economy. The paper evaluates the Polish economic policy in recent years. This refers to the situation prevailing in the EU and the USA. I conclude that the Polish economy during the crisis remained relatively stable, without having to provide the emergency aid from the outside. The development of such a situation has been affected by different reasons, including: - The benefits of the so-called "backwardness rent", which resulted, among others, in the inflow of EU funds (Poland was in 2007-2013 and in will be in 2014-2020 the biggest beneficiary of the EU budget); - The effects of decisions on changes in the tax and social security, taken for political reasons (before the crisis); - The controversial withdrawal from the funded pension system, reducing the budget deficit and public debt; - The prudent monetary policy and anti-inflation policy pursued over many years. Actions taken in Poland are primarily focused on reducing costs, which differs quite significantly from the economic policy dominant in the U.S. and the "old" EU countries which generally pursue expansionary fiscal policy and a policy of cheap money. Polish solution facilitates the achievement of short-term fiscal sustainability, but does not create favorable conditions for the development in the long-term (insufficient investment, petrification of economic structure, lack of innovation).

5

Economic growth in Kosovo and in other countries in terms of globalization of world economy

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Thaçi L.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2013

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issue 08

231-242

EN

The global financial crisis causes, as among the greatest crises and consequences, reflected the world in continuously increase of unemployment, poverty and inequality. This crisis was reflected in both developed and developing countries including countries in transition. The fact cannot be denied that the effects of financial crisis are even felt in the Republic of Kosovo where during this period of time following consequences could be clearly noted: decrease of the real economy, poverty, reduction in remittances, decrease of external investments, contracting criteria for bank loans and other direct and indirect effects. However, the global economy did continue to recover during 2010 and 2011. Nevertheless, uncertainty regarding to the volatility of global economic recovery in this period is greater than in the previous period. This setting is mainly extracted from instability of financial market due to problems with public finances in several EU member States and entry of protective measures by some rapidly growing economies and developing countries, in response to large capital inflows. It is important to consider the fact that, despite the recent crisis, economic growth model, based on the deepening of EU integration process, in terms of finance, trade, labour markets and institutions, remains as best model for developing countries and Kosovo itself. Special treatment is given to achieved achievements and projections for the following years under policies compiled by the Government of the Republic of Kosovo to enable generic analysis for concrete situation of our national economy. Also, this paper shall explain the underlying factors which will influence on a more accelerated economic development.

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Bodowiec J.

Ekonomia - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu

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2013

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issue 2 (23)

9-29

EN

This paper presents the principles of budgetary surveillance in the euro area and assesses the effectiveness of supervision in relation to the requirement to maintain budgetary discipline in the fiscal policy. The research covers the period 1999-2012. Applied research methods involve the analysis of the rules of the Stability and Growth Pact and the economic analysis of financial indicators. Source materials were derived from the EUR-Lex database of EU law and economic publications of the European Commission. Introduced in 1998, the Stability and Growth Pact aimed at preventing excessive public deficit and the obligation of Member States to achieve the medium-term objective for the budgetary position close to balance or in surplus, and in case of occurrence of an excessive public deficit to eliminate it by taking the necessary measures. Compliance with budgetary discipline was supposed to be ensured by the system of sanctions provided by the treaty. The study shows that in most euro area countries budget surplus or deficit close to balance have not been achieved and maintained in the medium term, and they failed to avoid excessive public deficit. The main reason for non-compliance with the requirements of the Stability and Growth Pact was an ineffective system of sanctions imposed on the country conducting fiscal policy not in accordance with the requirements for financial stability. The treaty did not establish a mechanism for the automatic imposition of sanctions, the Council was authorized only to impose coercive measures against the country, leaving the Council complete freedom in this area. Economic and financial crisis fully exposed the consequences of violations of fiscal discipline in the euro area. Strong economic recession was accompanied by rapid and intensive increase in the public deficit and debt, threatening not only the sustainability of public finance in the long run, but also the proper functioning of economic and monetary union. Established in 2011, the EU’s framework for economic governance significantly changed the rules of budgetary surveillance in the euro area. Firstly, numerical fiscal rules on budgetary expenditure growth in conjunction with the rise of potential GDP was established. Secondly, the criterion of public debt was given the same importance as the public deficit criterion in the excessive deficit procedure. Thirdly, the new law established a more effective enforcement of the preventive and corrective arms of the Stability and Growth Pact. Procedure for the imposition of sanctions under the budgetary surveillance was changed. The role of the European Commission in enforcing compliance with the rules of Stability and Growth Pact was strengthened. Fourthly, Member States were obliged to respect the common requirements for national budgetary framework. The fiscal pact adopted in 2012, gives the most important rules of the Stability and Growth Pact higher legal rank. It also imposes on the Member States to introduce these rules into national law, by giving them, if possible, constitutional status.

12

Mechanizmy oddziaływania deficytu fiskalnego na wzrost gospodarki

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Ciżkowicz P., Rzońca A.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2011

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vol. 251

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issue 10

1-20

EN

The article describes the mechanisms by which fiscal expansion and the resulting fiscal deficit influence long-term economic growth. Since the early 1930s, many economists have argued that fiscal expansion is capable of stimulating the economy at a time of recession. The authors do not address the issue of how effective fiscal expansion may prove to be in stimulating aggregate demand and, consequently, in relieving strong negative demand shocks. In their article, Ciżkowicz and Rzońca examine six channels of the fiscal deficit’s impact on economic growth based on an overview of research reports in this area. The analysis reveals that the fiscal deficit may inhibit economic growth through each of these channels, Ciżkowicz and Rzońca say. First, a higher deficit today means higher taxes in the future. Second, an increase in the deficit may worsen the tax structure because it deepens income inequality between the rich and poor, which in turn provides an excuse for the authorities to raise taxes on income or capital, thus discouraging people from working, improving their skills, saving and innovating. Third, the deficit adds to the public debt, while crowding out spending on infrastructure, scientific research, and education. It also makes it easier to channel public funds to areas that do not generate benefits for society as a whole. Fourth, it absorbs private savings that could be used to finance corporate investment. Moreover, it adds to the uncertainty about future tax burdens and the stability of the economy, which is not conducive to investment. Fifth, it causes inflows and outflows of foreign portfolio capital, thus leading to fluctuations in the exchange rate and hindering international trade and, in effect, foreign technology transfers. Sixth, a persistent deficit leads to a crisis with time. A specific level of fiscal deficit does not have the same consequences everywhere, according to Ciżkowicz and Rzońca. Its negative impact on economic growth is especially evident in countries with a high capital-to-income ratio, low domestic savings rate, significant barriers for businesses trying to adapt their savings to changes in the deficit, excessive public expenditure, high public debt, low income per capita, poor protection of creditors’ rights, high vulnerability to shocks, a strong dependence on the inflow of savings from abroad, a high proportion of debt denominated in foreign currencies and nearing maturity, poor credit history, and slow GDP growth.

13

Konwergencja fiskalna w uniach walutowych w Afryce na tle rozwiązań europejskich

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Młodkowski P.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2006

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vol. 205

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issue 1-2

19-36

EN

The aim of the paper is to present arguments for implementing fiscal policy constraints in monetary union member countries and to compare experience in this area in two non-European monetary unions in Africa and the EMU. The author offers a brief review of arguments-for and against fiscal convergence in a monetary union-presented in the literature on the subject. This empirical and theoretical review leads to the conclusion that, under some circumstances, there is a great need for fiscal policy coordination in monetary union member countries. The key question is how fiscal convergence should be designed and how multilateral surveillance should be enforced. To answer this question, the CFA Franc Zone experience with fiscal convergence criteria was compared with that of the EMU. The author notes that some fiscal convergence criteria are unique and specific for these groups of countries but some other criteria are common, regardless of the features of individual economies. Therefore fiscal coordination should be union-specific to avoid any disadvantages highlighted in theoretical analyses and resulting from decreased fiscal policy flexibility.

14

Trudności koordynacji polityki pieniężnej i polityki fiskalnej we współczesnej gospodarce

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Marszałek P.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2006

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vol. 210

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issue 9

57-75

EN

The paper examines issues related to the coordination of fiscal and monetary policies. The author discusses the implications of delayed monetary and fiscal decisions and the difficulties involved in setting economic policy goals. He also describes the “one-armed policymaker” syndrome and the “zero bound problem.” The discussion indicates that proper coordination makes it possible to limit delays in economic policy. It also offsets the shortage of instruments at the disposal of policy makers and helps prevent deflation pressure, while increasing the efficiency of economic policy under “the zero bound problem.” All this increases the probability that monetary and fiscal policy makers will successfully attain their goals. The author concludes that the relationships between monetary and fiscal policies are much deeper and more complex than they seem to be, going beyond their traditional perception in terms of inflation and budget deficit financing. Moreover, considering the limitations of fiscal policy that reduce its flexibility, coordination efforts should primarily support the position of the central bank as a prime decision maker with considerable room for maneuver. Fiscal authorities should essentially limit themselves to supporting central bank activities and pursuing well-designed policies.

15

Znaczenie wydatków wojskowych w ocenie efektów polityki fiskalnej

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Krajewski P., Szymańska A.

Ekonomista

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2018

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issue 4

425-441

PL

Celem artykułu jest zbadanie wpływu polityki fiskalnej na PKB w Czechach, Polsce i na Węgrzech na podstawie kształtowania się wydatków wojskowych. W badaniu wykorzystano model SVAR oparty na identyfikacji O. Blancharda i R. Perottiego. W modelu tym wykorzystano trzy zmienne: PKB, podatki netto oraz wydatki wojskowe, które mają bardziej egzogeniczny charakter niż pozostałe wydatki rządowe. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że polityka fiskalna w zakresie wydatków wojskowych silnie oddziałuje na kształtowanie się PKB w analizowanych gospodarkach – w każdym z badanych krajów uzyskano maksymalne mnożniki wydatków wojskowych są znacznie wyższe od jedności. Otrzymane wyniki pokazują, że tradycyjnie szacowane mnożniki wydatków rządowych prawdopodobnie niedoszacowują siły oddziaływania polityki fiskalnej na gospodarkę. Funkcje reakcji na impuls wskazują przy tym na znaczne zróżnicowanie trwałości skutków zmian wydatków rządowych. W przypadku Polski oddziaływanie polityki fiskalnej na PKB jest najbardziej trwałe, natomiast na Węgrzech wygasa przed upływem dwóch lat od wystąpienia szoku.

EN

The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of military spending shocks on GDP in the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary. This study is based on SVAR model with identification scheme of O. Blanchard and R. Perotti. Our model includes three variables: real GDP, net taxes and military spending, which is more exogenous than other government spending. The results show that military spending has a strong influence on GDP growth in analyzed countries – in each country, the peak multiplier is significantly higher than one. The results exhibit that traditionally estimated multipliers of government spending probably underestimate the impact of fiscal policy on the economy. The impulse response functions indicate significant differences in durability of the effects of changes in government expenditure. In case of Poland, the impact of military spending shocks on GDP is most persistent, while in Hungary it expires within two years after the shock.

RU

Целью статьи является исследование влияния фискальной политики на ВВП в Чехии, Польше и в Венгрии на основании формирования военных расходов. В исследовании была использована модель SVAR, опирающаяся на идентификации О.Бланшара и Р.Пероттти. В этой модели были использованы три переменных: ВВП, налоги нетто и военные расходы, которые имеют более эгзогенный характер, чем остальные правительственные расходы. Проведенный анализ показал, что фискальная политика в области военных расходов сильно влияет на формирование ВВП – в каждой из названных стран максимальные множители военных расходов были значительно выше единицы. Полученные результаты показывают, что рассчитываемые традиционными методами множители правительственных расходов, вероятно недооценивают силу воздействия фискальной политики на экономику. Функции реакции на импульс указывают при этом на значительную дифференциацию устойчивости последствий изменений правитель- ственных расходов. В случае Польши воздействие фискальной политики на ВВП является наиболее устойчивым, зато в Венгрии оно угасает до истечения двух лет с момента появления шока.

16

Wpływ globalizacji na politykę fiskalną państw OECD w latach 1965-2011

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Lewandowska-Kalina M., Kalina L.

Ekonomia - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu

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2013

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issue 2 (23)

64-76

EN

In the economic literature there is a well-known hypothesis that the states in the era of globalization, due to the increased mobility of labor and capital, are losing their ability to pursue fiscal policies; especially the imposition and maintenance of high tax rates become impossible. These concerns are shared first of all by the European social model advocates who argue that the process of global economic integration will strike with vengeance in the concept of the welfare state and make the policy of maintaining high, progressive taxes, massive transfers of wealth and income redistribution not possible to maintain. The state will have no other option but to withdraw from their positions and radically reduce the tax burden. The article analyzes the impact of globalization and openness of the economies on the ability of states to run their own fiscal policy. The authors set themselves the goal of verifying the hypothesis that rich countries are forced to cut taxes (and thus reduce social spending and internal liberalization) under the pressure of competition from poor countries (known in English-language literature as “race-to the-bottom”. In order to verify hypotheses about the impact of openness of the economy on shaping tax policy the authors have estimated the econometric panel models, on the unbalanced panel of OECD countries in the period 1965-2011 and for the sub-samples in the years 1995-2011. They use different types of taxes as dependent variables, and inflow of foreign direct investment, the openness of the economy, GDP per capita relative to the U.S. economy and the share of government consumption in GDP as explanatory variables. The data for 33 developed countries in the years 1965-2011 come from OECD databases, the World Bank and Penn World Tables. A total sample contains 1599 observations. Contrary to the race-to-the-bottom hypothesis the estimation showed a strong, positive and statistically significant correlation between the share of corporate tax and value added tax and the openness of the economy. However, this res64-76ult does not hold for income tax. Also, social security contributions were found to be strongly associated with the openness of the economy A strong, positive and statistically significant correlation was found for the years 1965- -2011 and also strong, and statistically significant but negative correlation was found for 1995-2011 subpanel. The results of the analysis lead to the question about the reasons for increase in the share of value added tax and corporate tax to GDP with the increasing openness of the economy. One can argue that the answer lies in the nature of value added tax.

17

A Comparison of German, Swiss, and Polish Fiscal Rules Using Monte Carlo Simulations

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Pigoń A., Ramsza M.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2022

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vol. 312

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issue 4

17-41

PL

W niniejszym artykule oceniamy skutki ekonomiczne istniejących reguł fiskalnych w Polsce, Szwajcarii i Niemczech. W analizie ustalamy związek pomiędzy PKB, dochodami i wydatkami rządowymi, estymując model VAR oparty na danych amerykańskich dla okresu 1960–2015. Nakładamy na te relacje polityki fiskalne implikowane przez daną regułę i analizujemy konsekwencje dla symulowanych ścieżek długu, deficytu i wydatków pod względem stabilności i cykliczności. Stwierdzamy, że reguły szwajcarska i niemiecka są konserwatywne i stabilizują deficyty na niskich poziomach. Może to być jednak niewystarczające do stabilizacji długu w długim okresie w ścisłym sensie. Polska reguła stabilizuje poziom długu na poziomie około 40–50% PKB w długim okresie. Wszystkie reguły implikują antycykliczną politykę fiskalną: relacja deficytu do PKB powodowana zmianami luki PKB wzrasta w całym cyklu koniunkturalnym o maksymalnie 2,2 p.p., 3,3 p.p. i 3,9 p.p. odpowiednio dla reguły polskiej, szwajcarskiej i niemieckiej. Wyniki te można uznać za zadowalające w przypadku reguły szwajcarskiej i niemieckiej.

EN

This paper assesses the economic implications of existing fiscal rules in Poland, Switzerland and Germany. In the analysis, we establish economic relationships between output, government revenues and expenditures, estimating a VAR model based on US data for the 1960–2015 period. We impose on these relationships fiscal policies implied by a given rule and analyse the consequences for the simulated paths of debts, deficits and expenditures in terms of stability and cyclicality. We find that the Swiss and German rules are strict and stabilise deficits at low levels. However, this may still not be sufficient to stabilise debt in the long term in the strict sense. The Polish rule stabilises the debt level at about 40% – 50% of the GDP in the long term. All the rules imply an anticyclical fiscal policy: the deficit-to-GDP ratio implied by changes in the output gap increases by up to 2.2 percentage points, 3.3 pp and 3.9 pp over the whole business cycle for the Polish, Swiss and German rules respectively. These results can be perceived as satisfactory for the Swiss and German rules.

18

UNIA FISKALNA JAKO ELEMENT NOWEGO PROCESU KONWERGENCJI W UNII GOSPODARCZEJ I WALUTOWEJ

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Giżyński J.

Przestrzeń, Ekonomia, Społeczeństwo

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2015

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issue 7/I

59-74

PL

W Unii Gospodarczej i Walutowej (UGW) polityka pieniężna jest scentralizowana. Pewne ważne części polityki gospodarczej zachowały jednak krajowy charakter. Należy do nich m. in. polityka fiskalna. Aby ograniczyć ryzyko zachowania zdecentralizowanej polityki fiskalnej w unii walutowej, architekci strefy euro wprowadzili wspólne reguły fiskalne i procedury ich egzekwowania. Reguły te najpierw zawarto w Traktacie z Maastricht z 1992 r., a następnie rozwinięto w Pakcie Stabilności i Wzrostu (PSW) z 1997 r. Ramy te zawierają pewne instrumenty, np. fiskalne kryteria konwergencji, które miałyby umożliwić utrzymanie odpowiedniej przestrzeni fiskalnej w krajach członkowskich. Wskutek trudności z zachowaniem dyscypliny fiskalnej w największych krajach UGW w 2003 r., dokonano pierwszej reformy PSW w 2005 r., osłabiając reguły fiskalne. Głęboki kryzys finansowy wymusił dwie kolejne reformy PSW, odpowiednio w 2011 r. i 2013 r. Z kolei w 2012 r. podpisano Pakt Fiskalny, który znacząco poprawił zarządzanie polityką fiskalną na poziomie ponadnarodowym. Wskutek przedłużającego się kryzysu w strefie euro, grożącego nawet jej rozpadem, w 2012 r. przedstawiono pierwszy raport na temat utworzenia unii fiskalnej w ramach tej strefy. Z kolei w 2014 r. przywódcy państw UGW zwrócili się z prośbą o następne działania w celu wzmocnienia m. in. polityki fiskalnej w tej Unii. Kolejne trwałe kroki ku lepszemu nadzorowi fiskalnemu zostały przedstawione w czerwcu 2015 r. Postanowiono wówczas, że nowy proces konwergencji zostanie podzielony na trzy etapy. W ramach pierwszego etapu (od 1 lipca 2015 do 30 czerwca 2017), nadzór nad polityką fiskalną powinien zostać wzmocniony, poprzez ustanowienie doradczej Europejskiej Rady Budżetowej. Po 1 lipca 2017 r., w ramach drugiego etapu, proponuje się utworzenie mechanizmu stabilizacji makroekonomicznej dla UGW. Z kolei ostatni etap ma zostać ukończony najpóźniej do 2025 r.

EN

In the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) the monetary policy is centralized, but some important parts of economic policy remain national, inter alia, fiscal policy. In order to limit the risk of decentralised fiscal policy in monetary union, architects of the EMU introduced common fiscal rules and procedures of their enforcement in the Maastricht Treaty accepted in 1992 and developed in the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) accepted in 1997. Those provisions involve some instruments which would enable to keep fiscal space in the euro area countries, e.g. fiscal convergence criterions. Due to difficulties in preserving fiscal discipline by the biggest economies in the euro area in 2003, the SGP was reformed in 2005, weakening the fiscal rules. Moreover, deep financial crisis enforced other two reforms of SGP, which took place in 2011 and 2013. What is more, the Fiscal Compact has brought significant improvements to the framework for fiscal policies in the EMU in 2012. Due to protracted crisis, threatening even the collapse of the EMU, the first consistent report of setting up the fiscal union within the euro area was submitted at the end of 2012. The Euro Summit of October 2014 called for work to continue developing concrete mechanisms for stronger inter alia fiscal policy in EMU. Next consistent steps on better fiscal governance were submitted in June 2015. It has been proposed to divide the process of new convergence into three stages. In the first stage (1 July 2015 – 30 June 2017), the fiscal governance framework should be improved through the creation of an advisory European Fiscal Board. After 1 July 2017, in the second stage, a macroeconomic stabilization function is to be established. In turn, final stage should be finished at the latest by 2025.

19

Fiscal Policy and Regional Business Cycles in Poland

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Kotliński K., Warżała R.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

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2018

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vol. 13

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issue 1

57-68

EN

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the adequacy of discretionary fiscal policy, implemented at the national level, on the course of regional business fluctuations in Poland. Research is conducted as follows: identification of regional business cycles, identification of national fiscal policy as restrictive or expansive, and comparison of fiscal policy adequacy and phases of regional business cycles. In order to separate a cyclical factor from the empirical data, the Christiano-Fitzgerald asymmetrical filter was exploited. The character of discretional fiscal policy was evaluated on the basis of cyclically adjusted primary balance, as well as positive or negative output gap. The empirical results show that fiscal policy is not always cyclically appropriate for all 16 Polish regions. The reason for this is divergence among Polish regions both in the matter of regional business cycle morphology, and in the aspect of phase shifts.

20

Fiscal Council – international solutions and case of Poland

100%

Janecki J.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2017

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issue 482

61-71

XX

We have observed persistent political uncertainties in Poland. Part of this uncertainty stems from fiscal policy. Implementing international institutional solutions like the independent Fiscal Council (FC) may lower uncertainty and improve fiscal credibility. The creation of the FC would be also in line with recommendations from international institutions and changes to EU law. We have outlined below some solutions based on academic research and looking at how other countries have tackled this problem. Poland’s authorities would have to decide what kind of competencies and solutions are the most serviceable for Poland’s fiscal policy. The introduction of independent institution in the form of a FC in Poland can be part of the solution to increasing the fiscal discipline and credibility of fiscal policy and to improving its transparency. It may also improve the quality of public debate on fiscal policy and could be positively perceived by investors and rating agencies.

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