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EN
Focalization as a criterion for analysis of synonyms We consider synonymy as a phenomenon involving simultaneously paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations between signs, and we consider synonyms as lexical units that can be substituted for each other within a given type of linguistic context. After a brief historical overview of approaches to synonymy, we put forward a hypothesis that semantic shades opposing synonyms may be described via an “attentional” criterion, rather than referential ones. As illustration, we analyze three French verbs: jouer, interpréter and incarner in the contexts “X plays the role of Y (in a film or play)”, showing that each verb focalizes a different aspect of the reference.
PL
Autor wychodzi od obecnych we wczesnym kinie pierwszych prób przedstawiania zdarzeń z perspektywy postaci filmowych, dających początek technikom subiektywizacji filmowej. Następnie wskazuje na rodowód literacki filtrowania informacji fabularnej przez narratora i fokalizatora. W krótkim zarysie przedstawia narratologiczną koncepcję Gérarda Genette’a oraz rozwój filmoznawczych koncepcji na temat subiektywizacji filmowej, z istotnym wkładem Davida Bordwella, Edwarda Branigana i Seymoura Chatmana. Po zwięzłej charakterystyce subiektywizacji w kinie klasycznym i modernistycznym autor wskazuje na trzy nowe sposoby subiektywizowania narracji w kinie współczesnym. Pierwsza jest związana ze zjawiskiem narracji niewiarygodnej, dwie pozostałe – narracja pierwszoosobowa i narracja trzecioosobowa, tzw. półsubiektywna – wykazują związki z estetyką gier komputerowych.
EN
The author starts with the first attempts present in the early cinema to present events from the perspective of film characters, giving the rise to subjective techniques in film. Then he points to literary origins of filtering narrative information through the narrator and focalizator. He briefly outlines Gérard Genette’s ideas on narrative and the development of film studies theories on film subjectivism, in particular significant contributions from David Bordwell, Edward Branigan and Seymour Chatman. After succinct characteristics of subjectivity in classical and modern cinema, the author points out three new ways of making narratives subjective in contemporary cinema. The first is related to the phenomenon of unreliable narrative, the other two (first- and third-person narrative, so called semi-subjective narrative) refer to the aesthetics of computer games.
EN
By coining the term “unreliable narrator” Wayne Booth hypothesized another agent in his model besides the author, the implicit author, to explain the double coding of narratives where a distorted view of reality and the exposure of this distortion are presented simultaneously. The article deals with the applicability of the concept in visual narratives. Since unreliability is traditionally considered to be intertwined with first person narratives, it works through subjective mediators. According to scholarly literature on the subject, the narrator has to be strongly characterized, or in other words, anthropomorphized. In the case of film, the main problem is that the narrator is either missing or the narration cannot be attributed entirely to them. There is a medial rupture where the apparatus mediates the story instead of a character’s oral or written discourse. The present paper focuses on some important but overlooked questions about the nature of cinematic storytelling through a re-examination of |the lying flashback in Alfred Hitchcock's Stage Fright. Can a character-narrator control the images the viewer sees? How can the filmic image still be unreliable without having an anthropomorphic narrator? How useful is the term focalization when we are dealing with embedded character-narratives in film?
EN
The paper sets out to describe the “free indirect speech” of film, which the author chooses to cali “mediated subjective narrative”. Based on specific examples, the author characterizes the narrative devices which in a way are analogous to what literary studies define as “free indirect discourse”. The basic indicators of that textual figure include subjectivization of communication on a stylistic level and interference of internal and external focalization.
EN
In the context of complete meaningful linguistic activities such as writing summaries, the paraphrase prompts reflection on the interaction between words, meaning and discourse, and thus helps develop the lexical component of discourse competence. Paraphrasing exercises are useful for both native and foreign language practice, especially for future translators, and lend students greater awareness of the shades of meaning distinguishing synonymic expressions in given contexts. We show that variations in meaning due to the use of synonyms and morpho-syntactical reformulations may be analyzed in terms of point of view and focalization, thereby taking into account the subjective and intersubjective dimensions of lexicon and discourse.
EN
Article concerns problems of „new character” which appears in literature of the end of XX and the beginning of XXI centuries and is rooted in the phenomenon of young „generation of nobody” and show rich psychological portraits of protagonists. Contemporary Polish prose, which is not optimistic anymore, show anthropological sensitivity, is called a literature of initiation, present a young protagonists in a labyrinth of values, whose life seems to be suffering, they are lost in reality, lonely, looking for answers of difficult existential questions, looking for the true, friendship and love. Most significant literary examples which present problems mentioned above and which are rooted in the wide context of ethics – are works of Ewa Przybylska: Dzień kolibra (1997) i Dotyk motyla (2016) and Most na Missisipi (2012) and Barbara Kosmowska: Pozłacana rybka (2007),Sezon na zielone kasztany (2013) and Samotni.pl(2012). Most of these texts could be discussed also in educational perspective.
|
2022
|
vol. 5
|
issue 2
72-85
EN
The horror genre can be found both in books and movies to shock and scare the audience. In digital games, players have to survive, they try to progress while they have to overcome frightening obstacles, otherwise they cannot be successful. The paper analyses three main topics: spatiality (where closed, open and looping spaces are in the centre), focalization (based on G. Genette’s term., We shows how the different angles could contribute to the narrative and what unique methods exist), and temporality (where traumatic experience and looping time is at the focal point, and E. Husserl’s protentions and retention terms will be important as well). We also argue that these games are unusual if we take a look at M. Csíkszentmihályi’s skills-challenges diagram and see if they fit in the flow zone. The paper aims to extend our understanding of horror games.
Acta Ludologica
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2022
|
vol. 5
|
issue 2
72-85
EN
The horror genre can be found both in books and movies to shock and scare the audience. In digital games, players have to survive, they try to progress while they have to overcome frightening obstacles, otherwise they cannot be successful. The paper analyses three main topics: spatiality (where closed, open and looping spaces are in the centre), focalization (based on G. Genette’s term., We shows how the different angles could contribute to the narrative and what unique methods exist), and temporality (where traumatic experience and looping time is at the focal point, and E. Husserl’s protentions and retention terms will be important as well). We also argue that these games are unusual if we take a look at M. Csíkszentmihályi’s skills-challenges diagram and see if they fit in the flow zone. The paper aims to extend our understanding of horror games.
EN
This article presents an analysis of two types of future tense in French within an “intersubjective” approach as an alternative to descriptions based on “objective” or “subjective” considerations. We put forward a hypothesis that the composed form (e.g. on va comprendre) focalizes the verb or the predicate, whereas the simple form (e.g. on comprendra) allows to “defocalize” the verb in order to indicate that the interlocutor’s attention is to be focused elsewhere: either on another part of the predicate (e.g. a complement) or on another part of the utterance, beyond the predicate or even beyond the given sentence. We show that the objective and subjective considerations used to describe these forms may be reinterpreted within the intersubjective approach and concealed with the proposed notion of “(de)focalization”.
EN
The motif of death in Serbian modernist novels: Newcomers by Milutin Uskoković This paper discusses the way the motif of death is shaped in the novel Newcomers by Milutin Uskoković, whose narrative strategies represent well the poetics of prose texts from the beginning of the 20th century. Analysis is conducted based on the conclusions of classical, but also postclassical (specifically, cognitive) narratology. The central point of this research is the domination of internal focalization which, by changing the narrator’s position, significantly changes the position and function of the main character. All other features of the text derive precisely from creating this kind of narrative situation. A short history of reading this text is provided within the study of narrative procedures that shaped the motif of death in the aforementioned novel. This should point towards a new shift in its interpretation, which was enabled by the achievements of contemporary theory of literature.
RU
Мотив смерти в романах сербского модерна:Пришельци Милутина Ускоковича В статье рассматриваются способы описания мотива смерти в романах сербского модернизма. Самым значительным среди ряда романов считается роман Милутинa Ускоковичa „Пришельцы“, иллюстрирующий поэтику прозаических текстов начала прошлого века, в которых мотивы исчезновения (такие как физическая смерть, отъезд, безумие) были почти неизбежными. В анализе автор опирается на выводы классической, но и постклассической (точнее когнитивной) нарратологии. Объектом исследования, прежде всего, является доминирование внутренней фокализации, заменяющей место повествователя, что в конечном итоге в значительной мере, меняет позицию и функцию героя. Кроме исследования наративных стратегий, в статье представлен обзор рецепции этого текста, прослеживается динамика в восприятии романа, которая оформлена в соответствии с принципами современной теории литературы.
EN
The aim of this paper is to investigate the concept of the point of view with regard to the genre of memoir. Having provided a brief discussion of the genre’s poetics and various, often conflicting attempts at establishing its generic indexes as well as its generic identity, the paper will examine several contemporary specimens of the memoir and will try to identify the occurrence of Gérard Genette’s modal triad (i.e. internal focalization, external focalization, and zero focalization) in their respective narratives. What is more, the paper will attempt to conclude whether such a narratological category as “mode” can be considered a generative tool as far as the memoir’s genology is concerned and, if so, what overall implications this recognition might have for understanding the memoir’s poetics and its traditional understanding as a genre of non-fiction.
EN
This article examines the narrative point of view in two autobiographical texts, pointing out the diverse effects the narratives achieve by means of different focalization strategies. After a short explication of the split between the narrator and protagonist in life stories, I look at focalization techniques in Günter Grass’s Peeling the Onion (2006), where the perception of the present self continuously interferes in the depiction of the past. The superior knowledge available to the narrator at the time of narration leads to an interpretation of the depicted events that the experiencing self could not provide. I argue that although the book calls attention to the constructive nature of memory and narrative that necessarily affects retrospective accounts of the past, it also states its preference for the lens of the present by employing focalization through the narrating I. I subsequently contrast Grass’s text and its narrative strategies with Mary Karr’s childhood memoir The Liars’ Club (1995) and demonstrate how this narrative attains its realistic effect by engaging the child protagonist as the predominant focalizer. By shifting focalization between the narrating I and the experiencing I, involving either the suspension or application of the narrator’s current knowledge, Karr manipulates readers’ engagement with the narrative, such as their empathy and moral judgement. Furthermore, the text communicates a sense of identity and continuity between the experiencer and the teller, which stands in sharp contrast to the emphasis Grass’s narrative puts on the distance between these two positions. Finally, I briefly address the challenges presented by recent conceptions of identity construction to the distinction between the narrating I and the experiencing I, suggesting that these narratological concepts retain their relevance to discussions of autobiographical texts as literary works rather than stages of self-creation.
EN
This paper deals with the motifs of eroticism in the story Lilika by Dragoslav Mihailović, in the context of the growing up and maturing of the young ten-year-old heroine. The erotic in this story is brought down to the level of pornography – animal instincts in the scenes of the girl’s drunken mother and stepfather grabbing each other by the arms and legs in front of the child, slipping hands under the skirt, chasing each other with knives and pushing their tongues into each other’s mouth. They stretch the sphere of eroticism to extremes, which is, in this case, thanatically tainted. And such a bestial life that is led by the stepfather and the mother is not far from true violence over the ten-year-old girl, who is beaten and tied to a bed by the parents; and apart from the physical abuse, whose effects are frequent blood spots and bruises under Lilika’s eyes and uncontrolled night urination, there is an additional passive kindof violence towards the girl – ignoring and neglecting her. In a series of circumstances in which she finds herself unwillingly, there forms an inner framework of the heroine’s unhappy childhood, whose basic problem was posed already at her very birth, and it is the question of her identity.
EN
The text is an attempt to analyse the latest novel by Dorota Masłowska as a manifestation of culture of authenticity described by Charles Taylor, namely the culture in which one strives to discover one’s true “self.” The author argues that Dorota Masłowska considers the desire to be original and true to oneself as the most important human activity and condemns those who are not successful in that regard. At the same time, unlike her characters, she presents herself as a self-aware and authentic individual. Masłowska’s linguistic ingenuity has long been overshadowed her reflection on what actually the writer actually wants to communicate. This work is an attempt to fill this gap.
PL
Tekst stanowi próbę analizy powieści „Kochanie, zabiłam nasze koty” Doroty Masłowskiej jako przejawu opisanej przez Charlesa Taylora kultury autentyczności, tj. kultury dążenia do odkrycia swego prawdziwego „ja”. Autor przekonuje, że Dorota Masłowska żadnej ludzkiej aktywności nie przypisuje takiego znaczenia, jak pragnieniu bycia oryginalnym i wiernym sobie, a także piętnuje tych, którzy takowych starań nie uwieńczyli sukcesem. Jednocześnie, w odróżnieniu od swych postaci, przedstawia samą siebie jako jednostkę świadomą i autentyczną. Geniusz językowy Masłowskiej od dawna spycha na dalszy plan refleksję o tym, co rzeczywiście autorka ma do przekazania. Niniejszą pracą autor stara się zapełnić tę lukę.
EN
Complement and infinitive clause structures in Polish and FrenchThe comparative analysis of complement clauses and infinitive clauses in Polish and French throws light on the sequence to, że(by) P / ce que P introducing complement clauses in the two languages. The comparison demonstrates that in the face of «ce» that is deleted or grammaticalised in French complement clauses, we have an attested introductor to1 in Polish which changes its own nature when it is accented. To1 becomes the demonstrative pronoun to2 (this), which can cause a dislocation of the sequence to, że(by) P . The comparison shows also that these structures are affected by deletions which are different according to the language (particularly the infinitive structures).Structures des complétives et des infinitives du polonais et du françaisLa comparaison des structures complétives et infinitives du polonais et du français apporte un certain éclairage sur la nature du corrélat introduisant les complétives dans les deux langues (to, że(by) P / ce que P). Elle montre notamment que face à «ce» du français effacé (dans les constructions complétives sujets et compléments non-prépositionnels du verbe) ou grammaticalisé (dans les constructions complétives prépositionnelles), nous avons l’introducteur to1 du polonais (attesté) qui change de statut lorsqu’il est accentué. Il devient alors le pronom démonstratif to2 (=cela), ce qui entraîne la dislocation du corrélat. L’examen des structures suscitées révèle aussi qu’elles sont affectées par des effacements différents selon la langue (en particulier les structures infinitives).
Forum Poetyki
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2020
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issue 19
88-101
EN
The article discusses the basic concepts of Janusz Sławiński’s O opisie that are important for Polish literary studies in the wider context of the current discussion on the need to abandon the linguistic approach to literature in search of other ways to better understand the meaning of the work. Doubts expressed by Toril Moi in her book Revolution of the Ordinary regarding the analysis of texts from a traditional textual perspective become a pretext for revising some of the assumptions made by the structuralist school regarding the categories of description formulated, among others, by researchers such as Sławiński and Roland Barthes.
PL
Artykuł przypomina podstawowe koncepcje istotnego dla polskich badań literaturoznawczych tekstu O opisie Janusza Sławińskiego i włącza go w pole bieżącej dyskusji o konieczności zarzucenia lingwistycznego podejścia do literatury na rzecz poszukiwania sposobów pełniejszego zrozumienia sensów utworu. Wątpliwości wyrażone przez Toril Moi pod adresem analizy tekstów z tradycyjnej tekstualistycznej perspektywy w jej książce Revolution of the Ordinary stająsię pretekstem do  rewizji niektórych założeń szkoły strukturalnej dotyczących kategorii opisu formułowanych między innymi przez badaczy takich jak właśnie Sławiński czy Roland Barthes.
PL
Prozie Gabriela Garcíi Márqueza poświęcono ogromną liczbę opracowań teoretycznoliterackich i krytycznych, jednak ich większość koncentrowała się wokół zaledwie kilku zagadnień, takich jak realizm magiczny, mit i historia, itp. Tylko niewielka część badaczy zajmowała się w swoich pracach wybranymi aspektami formalnymi twórczości kolumbijskiego pisarza. W niniejszym artykule prezentujemy propozycję badania, dla którego punkt wyjścia stanowi analiza składniowa komentarza narracyjnego towarzyszącego dialogom w opowiadaniu Buen viaje, señor presidente. Analiza ta pozwala na dogłębne odczytanie kluczem pragmatycznym wielowarstwowych sensów replik dialogowych oraz poczynienie ustaleń na temat fokalizacji. Przyjrzenie się relacjom między komentarzem narracyjnym i replikami dialogowymi w utworze umożliwia ustalenie i opisanie skomplikowanej sytuacji międzyosobowej. Zastosowanie tej samej procedury do badania tłumaczenia opowiadania na język polski pokazuje, w jaki sposób składniowe i leksykalne zmiany dokonane w komentarzu narracyjnym towarzyszącym dialogom wpływają na odczytanie replik dialogowych, a nawet na zmianę sytuacji międzyosobowej. W ten sposób staramy się zwrócić uwagę na istotność formalnych aspektów komentarza narracyjnego w analizach dialogów literackich oraz na możliwości zastosowania narzędzi stworzonych na gruncie językoznawstwa do badania utworów literackich, nawet autorów uznawanych dotąd za kanonicznych i gruntownie przeanalizowanych.
EN
Employing the theoretical framework derived from Gérard Genette’s narratology, with a special focus on the category of a focalized narrator, the article investigates narratological strategies employed in Michèle Roberts’s novel Daughters of the House in order to demonstrate how employing a particular form of narration influences the reader’s perception and understanding of the novel. In Daughters of the House, the narrative is focalized by adolescent characters, which makes the reader assume a childlike perspective and identify with the children characters. Tracing the motif of childhood also on the level of structure and plot, the article aims to prove that for the proper understanding of the narrative, the reader has to become a child themselves.
PL
Na podstawie teoretycznych ustaleń narratologii Gérarda Genette’a, zwłaszcza kategorii narratora-fokalizatora, artykuł bada strategie narratologiczne zastosowane w powieści Michèle Roberts Daughters of the House, aby ustalić, jak wprowadzenie danej formy narracji wpływa na postrzeganie i rozumienie powieści przez czytelnika. Narracja w powieści Roberts fokalizowana jest przez dorastające bohaterki, co sprawia, że czytelnik przyjmuje dziecięcy punkt widzenia i identyfikuje się z młodymi bohaterami. Badając motyw dzieciństwa także na poziomie struktury tekstu oraz fabuły, artykuł dowodzi, że dla prawidłowego odczytania powieści czytelnik sam musi stać się dzieckiem.
EN
The article is devoted to the issue of representing the tactile experiences of characters in films. Although the category of tactility is very popular among contemporary film scholars, it has not yet been the subject of extensive research in the field of structural poetics. The author examines the issue referring to the narratological concept of Mieke Bal and the category of focalization. Birkholc distinguishes the basic types of representing tactile experiences in films, which can be depicted both within the objective and subjective mode of narration. The author tries to prove the functionality of the category of tactile focalization, which allows to focus on issues which were marginalized by classic narratology.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest reprezentacjom taktylnych doświadczeń bohaterów w filmie. Choć zagadnienie taktylności cieszy się dużą popularnością wśród współczesnych filmoznawców, to jednak nie było dotychczas przedmiotem szerokich badań z zakresu poetyki strukturalnej. Autor ujmuje zagadnienie, odwołując się do koncepcji narratologicznej Mieke Bal oraz zaproponowanej przez badaczkę kategorii fokalizacji. Badacz wyróżnia podstawowe sposoby oddawania doświadczeń taktylnych w filmie, które mogą być przedstawiane zarówno w ramach narracji zobiektywizowanej, jak i w ramach subiektywizacji. Materiałem analitycznym jest Wstręt Romana Polańskiego, w którym doświadczenia taktylne głównej bohaterki organizują poetykę przekazu. Autor próbuje dowieść funkcjonalności kategorii fokalizacji taktylnej, pozwalającej zogniskować się na zagadnieniach z zakresu poetyki tekstu, które były marginalizowane przez tradycyjną narratologię.
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