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Duchovní základy nadcivilizace

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EN
In this paper, I propose to return to Jan Patočka’s question from 1970 and ask again what the spiritual foundations of life are in our times, to reflect on the changes in modern societies after the turn to what we now call neoliberalism. My claim is that Patočka’s analyses concerning the turn to scientific rationality is now a defining feature of our times that ‘colours’ the whole of our understanding. According to Patočka, these changes started with the turn to modern science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, slowly changing our thinking, framing it through the ideas of formalisation and subjectivity that we simply and unquestioningly accept. I will extend Patočka’s analysis of ‘rational Supercivilisation’ to argue that its ‘radical’ version now defines our present. The outcome is the privileging of formalised rationality that undermines other forms of reasoning, whereby human ‘subjective’ meaning becomes homeless.
EN
The annotation of historical and literary texts is approached differently by traditional philologists and digital philologists. The former are concentrated on the detailed study of a given text (close reading) while the latter are focused on the study of large quantities of texts (distant reading). A structured and collaborative annotation makes it possible both to add information to particular passages of individual texts, as in a traditional linear comment, and to connect data from entire textual collections through rigorous protocols. However, the standards developed by digital philologists are not highly appreciated by traditional academics, since the effort necessary to apply the proposed technologies allegedly diverts researchers’ attention from the object of study. As opposed to this objection, we intend to highlight that it is indeed possible to maintain the precision requisite for the application of computational tools to digital resources without renouncing the annotation practices established in traditional contexts. In support of the method, we report a number of case studies of digital scientific editions whose goals include both reconstructing respective texts and encouraging the dissemination of contents and public participation in the academic debate. In particular, we will discuss the following projects: a) the stylistic annotation of three different editions of Giacomo Leopardi’s translation of the "Batracomiomachia"; b) the scientific edition of Bellini’s letters; c) the multi-level annotated edition of Bassani; and d) the comparison of Umberto Eco’s variants of his "Il nome della rosa".
IT
Nella transizione dalla stampa al digitale, l’attività di annotazione di testi storico-letterari oscilla fra le resistenze dei tradizionalisti e le nuove pratiche dei filologi (e critici) digitali. Fra le due comunità il dialogo è difficile: gli studi filologici e letterari tradizionali, innervati dal metodo storico, si sono sempre più chiusi sul particolare, mentre i nuovi approcci, animati dal metodo scientifico, si sono sempre più aperti allo studio del generale. L’annotazione strutturata e collaborativa consente di aggiungere informazioni ai passi specifici dei singoli testi come nel tradizionale commento lineare, ma permette anche di collegare dati di intere collezioni testuali tramite protocolli rigorosi. Tuttavia gli standard elaborati dai filologi digitali sono accolti con perplessità dall’accademia, poiché lo sforzo necessario ad applicare le tecnologie proposte distrae dall’oggetto di studio. Noi intendiamo invece evidenziare come sia possibile mantenere il rigore formale necessario all’applicazione di strumenti computazionali alle risorse digitali senza rinunciare alle pratiche di annotazione stabilite nei contesti tradizionali. A sostegno del metodo, saranno descritti alcuni casi di studio relativi ad edizioni scientifiche digitali, in cui l’obiettivo principale, accanto alla ricostruzione del testo, è quello di favorire la divulgazione dei contenuti e la partecipazione del pubblico al dibattito accademico. In particolare, si illustreranno i progetti relativi a) all’annotazione stilistica delle tre diverse redazioni della traduzione di Giacomo Leopardi della "Batracomiomachia", b) all’edizione scientifica delle lettere di Bellini, c) all’edizione annotata multi-livello di Bassani e d) al confronto delle varianti delle due edizioni del "Nome della rosa" di Eco.
EN
The paper deals with inadmissibility of actions in criminal proceedings analysed in the context of a theoretical concept of conventional actions in law. Attention has been drawn to the doctrinal (sensu largo) and legal (sensu stricto) approach to the inadmissibility of an action in criminal proceedings. Based on the above concept, an attempt has been made to establish whether inadmissibility sensu stricto is related to the infringement of the constitutive rules isolated for individual actions in criminal proceedings. Two basic definitions of the term inadmissibility of an action in criminal proceeding sensu stricto have been proposed. The analysis presented in the paper has been verified against inter alia, the institutions introduced by virtue of amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure of 27 September as provided in its Articles14 § 2 and 168a.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest problematyce niedopuszczalności czynności karnoprocesowych ujmowanych w kontekście teoretycznoprawnej koncepcji czynności konwencjonalnych w prawie. Zwrócono uwagę na doktrynalne (sensu largo) oraz kodeksowe (sensu stricto) ujęcie konstrukcji niedopuszczalności czynności karnoprocesowych. W oparciu o wskazaną koncepcję podjęto próbę ustalenia, czy niedopuszczalność sensu stricto łączy się z naruszeniem tzw. reguł konstytutywnych wyodrębnianych dla poszczególnych czynności karnoprocesowych. Konsekwencją przeprowadzonych rozważań jest propozycja wyróżnienie dwóch zasadniczych znaczeń niedopuszczalności czynności karnoprocesowej sensu stricto. Przeprowadzona analiza zweryfikowana została w odniesieniu m.in. do instytucji wprowadzonych przez ustawodawcę na mocy noweli do Kodeksu postępowania karnego z 27 września 2013 r. określonych w art. 14 § 2 oraz 168a k.p.k.  
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