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EN
This paper presents the dissertation of writer Jiří Weil, defended in 1928, in which Weil considers the work of N. V. Gogol in its connection to the English novel of the 18th century. The contribution presents Weil’s work in its historical context and in the context of the author’s interwar output and activity. It also draws attention to Weil’s inspiration — the concepts and beliefs of Russian formalism —, exploring its conditions and consequences, and on Weil’s connection with (Russian) avantgarde and Russian revolutionary literature and culture, demonstrating how Weil’s uncommon familiarity with this environment, together with his fascination for the Russian Revolution, in both the social and artistic sphere, significantly influenced the resulting form of his work.
EN
This paper approaches the problem of circumvention of the law in general civil law with respect to Czech and Slovak law by taking in the context of historical and regional comparison. The author points out that there are several thousands of decisions in the decision-making databases of the Czech and Slovak courts which deal with the issue of circumvention, whether significant or only marginal. On this basis, there are several conclusions in the paper. Circumvention of the law is a partial manifestation of the abuse of law. As such, it is explicitly forbidden in some civil codes of European countries. The formulation of such a ban has a variety of causes (cultural, political, ideological, etc.). But even in cases where an explicit prohibition is not regulated, it does not prevent the abuse of law and the circumvention of the law from penalizing it as an illegal act if we understand the law functionally and not formalistically. The author discusses in detail some of the cases and draws attention to the risk of confusing the meaning and purpose of the law with ethical, social or political opinions which are not supported by the law itself. Another question is whether the overproduction of the legal regulation of modern times and the degree of restriction on individual freedom itself does not generate, among other things, the tendency to circumvent hypertrophic norms.
CS
Pojednání se v kontextu historické a regionální komparace zabývá problematikou obcházení zákona v obecném právu občanském se zřetelem k českému a slovenskému právu. Autor poukazuje, že se v databázích rozhodnutí českých a slovenských soudů vyskytuje několik tisíc rozhodnutí, jež se dotýkají problematiky obcházení zákona, ať již významně, anebo jen okrajově. Na uvedeném základě se v pojednání dospívá k několika závěrům. Obcházení zákona je dílčím projevem zneužití práva. Jako takové je v některých občanských zákonících evropských států výslovně zakázáno. Formulace takového zákazu má nejrůznější příčiny (kulturní, politické, ideologické apod.). Ale i v případech, kdy výslovný zákaz není upraven, nebrání to zneužití práva a obcházení zákona sankcionovat jako protiprávní čin, pokud chápeme právo funkcionálně a ne formalisticky. Autor podrobně rozebírá některé soudní případy a upozorňuje na riziko spočívající v zaměňování smyslu a účelu zákona za názory etické, sociální nebo politické, jež v samotném zákoně nemají oporu. Jiná otázka je, zdali nadprodukce právní regulace moderní doby a míra omezování individuální svobody sama negeneruje mj. také tendence k obcházení hypertrofovaných kogentních norem.
XX
The presentation of the Czech declension system in books for foreign learners is a key and very problematic chapter which later influences the presentation of other grammatical structures and categories. The complexity of Czech formal morphology is caused by language factors (different kinds of declension, many paradigms, a lot of exceptions, variants, etc.) as well as methodical factors (manifestation of agrammaticality, formalistic approach). The difficult situation has not even been solved by attempts to simplify and reduce the system of Czech declension for linguodidactic purposes. Most of the books tend to present the individual cases one by one (horizontal approach) rather than presenting the whole paradigms (vertical approach). Both of the concepts have their pros and cons. The question of optimal order of case presenting and some other problems remain unresolved. In the conclusion we provide basic linguodidactic recommendations for presenting the declension system
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