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EN
This article discusses the phenomenon of interlanguage in the process of second language acquisition. A number of researchers claim that the interlanguage can be characterized by fundamental features like fossilization, systematicity and simplification. This article also addresses the problem of significant psycholinguistic processes which influence the evolution of interlanguage.
EN
Fossilization in second language acquisition is generally defined as a discrepancy between the foreign language learner’s usage of a structure or form and what is considered “correct” in the target language. Second language theory and research generally support the notion that classroom instruction can reduce and, even prevent, fossilization. However, a small body of research suggests that not all classroom instruction may effectively prevent fossilization and some may even promote it. The authors examine research about the relationship between fossilization and classroom practice, then look at the effects classroom practice may have on fossilization, focusing on the role of input. Next they consider the question: How likely are fossilized forms to be ignored or even promoted in a classroom with a teacher who is a non-native speaker of the target language? Anecdotal evidence collected from observations of classroom teachers and students of English in Albania highlights some errors which are fossilized. The study demonstrates that the Albanian context plays a role in several significant ways. Until the early 1990s most Albanian teachers of English had little or no direct contact with native English speakers nor with authentic listening and reading materials. This trend is changing, but there is still a tendency among Albanian teachers to repeat the incorrect forms which were taught to them by their teachers of English. The authors explore a few common errors and suggest some changes to classroom practice to help teachers and their students overcome fossilization using appropriate input, by first recognizing fossilized forms, then revising their output to correct forms.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę opisu zjawiska interjęzyka w procesie przyswajania języka drugiego. W opinii badaczy zajmujących się interjęzykiem, ten swoisty język pośredni ma pewne fundamentalne cechy, do których należą: fosylizacja, systematyczność oraz uproszczenie. W niniejszym artykule omówione zostaną również zagadnienia związane z istnieniem psycholingwistycznych procesów mających istotny wpływ na ewolucję interjęzyka.
EN
This article discusses the phenomenon of interlanguage in the process of second language acquisition. A number of researchers claim that the interlanguage can be characterized by fundamental features like fossilization, systematicity and simplification. This article also addresses the problem of significant psycholinguistic processes which influence the evolution of interlanguage.
PL
Błędy są nieodłącznym elementem procesu uczenia się języków, ale także kontrowersyjnym zagadnieniem, szeroko dyskutowanym w środowisku badaczy zajmujących się akwizycją oraz dydaktyką językową. Niniejszy artykuł omawia zarówno pojęcie błędu, jego źródła i ogólną typologię, jak i sposoby traktowania błędu we współczesnej metodyce nauczania języków obcych. Przedstawione zostały eksplicytne oraz implicytne techniki dostarczania informacji zwrotnej i reakcji na błędy, popełniane przez uczących się języków obcych, a także rezultaty wybranych badań z zakresu analizy efektywności stosowania korektury i udzielania informacji zwrotnej w warunkach szkolnych.
EN
Learning languages is a process that involves the making of misteakes and has been a controversial issue in second language acquisition area of study and research. The aim of the paper is to examine such aspects of second language acquistion as error treatment in the language classroom as well as the provision of negative evidence nad corrective feedback (feedback types and learner responses to feedback) and effectiveness of form-focused instruction.
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