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The port of Al Baleed (southern Oman), the trade in franckincense and its coveted treasures

100%
Pavan A.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2020
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vol. 29(1)
EN
Along the coast of the Arabian peninsula, in the southernmost region of the Sultanate of Oman, lies the ancient port of Al-Baleed, known in Medieval times as Zafar. Placed in a strategic position for its geographical location, climate, availability of water and abundance of fodder, its long history dates back to the Bronze Age. The settlement reached its peak in Mediaeval times when it was a (a hub?) of international trade along the Indian Ocean. Many commodities were exported from the region or passed through the port. Among them a number of regional products such as: myrrh, dragon’s blood, aloe and madder, the most important being, however, frankincense and Arabian horses. Frankincense trade in Mediaeval times is barely studied despite its importance and great incomes generated by this trade during the period. The paper will present a general overview of the site of Al Baleed and its importance in the trade of frankincense, mainly in relation with the Far-eastern market with an overview of the coveted treasures from the region of Dhofar.
2
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Franckincense: traditions rooted in the Sudanese DNA

72%
Taha S.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2020
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vol. 29(1)
EN
Frankincense is an ancient produce which continues to be a major commercial product in Sudan. Incense remain an important commodity in everyday customs and a source of income. It serves as a living link between the past and the present that is rich in religious, social, cultural and economic history. Resins are utilised for medicinal, cultural, religious and funerary practices in ancient and present times. Yet, Sudan’s considerable contribution to trade in aromatics has largely been understudied. This study is based on ethnographic research as well as my own and my family’s experiences. The paper examines the use and trade of incense from the ancient past to the present and contemporary usages. The research demonstrates Sudan’s substantial contribution to incense trade through time. The study suggests that there is a need to re-evaluate the role played by this region. This is a pressing issue owing to threats to archaeological sites caused by mega- development and mineral exploration.
3
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Archaeological fieldwork in Berenike in 2014 and 2015: from Hellenistic rock-cut installations to abandoned temple ruins

58%
Zych I., Sidebotham S. E., Hense M., Rądkowska J. K., Woźniak M.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2016
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vol. 25
315-348
EN
The report brings a comprehensive summary of archaeological fieldwork and survey carried out in Berenike on the Red Sea coast of Egypt and in the Eastern Desert hinterland over the course of two seasons in 2014 and 2015. The completed magnetic map of the site is discussed in some detail, assessing the potential for future excavations. The report covers the most important discoveries of the two seasons, which include fragments of Middle Kingdom Pharaonic stelae, possibly pushing back the foundation of the harbor, archaeological evidence of a rock-cut watercollection system forming part of the Hellenistic-age fortifications and two inscribed stone bases, one of which records a secretary of an aromatics warehouse at Berenike, discovered undisturbed in the courtyard of the Great Temple of Berenike (also called the Serapis Temple). A previously unknown religious(?) complex was discovered on the western outskirts of the site thanks to work with Corona satellite imagery. In turn, analysis of the magnetic mapping of the city revealed an administrative(?) complex in the northern part of the town; the later, 5th and 6th century layers were examined inside a chamber with niche forming part of this complex. Work also continued in the early Roman harbor, uncovering among others a complete timber ship frame, and a collection of garnets in subsidiary buildings in the late Roman temenos located in the entrance to the southwestern bay.
4
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Złoto, kadzidło i mirra w dawnym kaznodziejstwie polskim

51%
Mazurkiewicz R.
Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny
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2018
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vol. 71
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issue 4
EN
This article analyzes the continuation and old Christian as well as medieval exegesis of gold, frankincense, and myrrh (Matthew 2 : 11) in Polish sermons from the fourteenth through the eighteenth centuries. In particular, I focus on those cases in which the traditional symbolism of the gifts of the Three Magi is a point of reference for conceptist interpretations that take into consideration the political, social, and religious contexts of the time.
PL
Artykuł analizuje kontynuacje i reinterpretacje starochrześcijańskiej i średniowiecznej egzegezy złota, kadzidła i mirry (Mt 2, 11) w kazaniach polskich od XIV do XVIII w. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono tym przypadkom, w których tradycyjna symbolika darów Trzech Mędrców stanowi punkt wyjścia dla interpretacji konceptystycznych, uwzględniających aktualne konteksty polityczne, społeczne lub religijne.
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