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PL
Marie Krysinska, pisarka, kompozytorka i śpiewaczka, miała ważny wkład intelektualny w filozofię i estetykę swojej epoki. W swoich utworach podejmowała m.in. kwestie kreatywności, geniuszu czy miejsca kobiet w społeczeństwie. Jej dzieło charakteryzuje różnorodność źródeł i wpływów; różne sztuki, literatura, nauka wchodzą w nieustanny dyskurs. Związki Krysinskiej z muzyką wpisują się m.in. w jej działalność w kabaretach „Les Hydropathes” i „Le Chat noir”. W połowie lat osiemdziesiątych XIX wieku poetka została wciągnięta w spór o wolny wiersz (vers libre). Krysinska nie pozwoliła na pomniejszenie swojej roli we wprowadzaniu wolnego wiersza do poezji francuskiej, za co współcześni oraz późniejsi krytycy ukarali ją wykluczeniem. Jej walka o wiersz wolny to przede wszystkim walka o uznanie równości mężczyzn i kobiet w domenie nauki i sztuki.
EN
Marie Krysinska, a woman writer, composer and signer, made a substantial contribution to philosophy and aesthetics of her epoch. In her output she took up, inter alia, the issues of creativity, genius, and women’s place in society. Her work is characterised by diversity of sources and influences as various arts, literature and science enter in it into a continuous discourse. Krysinska’s connections with music constitute, e.g. her activity in two cabarets ”Les Hydropathes” and ”Le Chat noir”. In 1880s she was engaged into a controversy over free verse (vers libre); she disallowed to diminish her role in introduction free verse into French poetry, for which her contemporaries and later critics punished her by exclusion. The fight she fought for the free verse is predominantly a fight for acknowledging equality of men and women in the domain of science and art.
EN
This article deals with the poetry of Julije Benešić (his collection Istrgnuti listovi – Torn Pages) in the context of Croatian modernist poetry based on three assumptions: the first, deductive one is that Benešić’s literary, literary-historical, theatrical and public personality is a potential metonymy of the entire Croatian culture of the first two decades of the 20th century; the second, literary-historical assumption is that the choice to use free verse can be read as a counter-modernist gesture against rationalism and structure of rhymed verse of Croatian modernist poetry; third, from the cultural-historical point of view, it is assumed that Benešić’s poetical profile is a reflection of his counter-modernist attitude that was shaped beyond the dominant poetical practices of modernism. The goal of this presentation is as much a cultural-historical as it is a literary-historical one, aimed at proving a thesis by which a small poetical contribution by Julije Benešić is synecdoche for the condition and the atmosphere of Croatian culture of the late modernism and the first interwar years. The notion of counter-modernism is historiographically restricted here and encompasses Benešić’s disputing statements in relation with the dominant paradigm in synchrony with the modernist period. The choice of free verse is understood as a statement of notion about the restraints of the poetics of rhymed verse of Croatian modernism. Since free verse was not part of the canon at the time, Benešić tried to use it to legitimize his own work and democratize the system of poetical competencies.
PL
This article touches upon the tabular nature of free verse; here it indicates the individuality of verses in the text structure resulting from its non-linear character (spatiality) as a result of free verse. In other words, any text written in free verse is potentially a structure of coincidental syntax e.g. as a result of maximised equivalence each single verse is semantically independent and primarily independent with respect to syntax from the other verses. This article relies on the assumption that reception of a text written in free verse is non-linear and therefore tabular. This assumption is based on a conviction that the tabular nature is not a revelation of the new media or the change in perceiving texts propagated in the new media. Rather, it is a phenomenon typical of poetry; it started to accompany poetry when the notion of free verse was introduced. The text is illustrated with examples of poems by contemporary Polish authors.
EN
The article concerns textual phenomena in the poetry of Urszula Kozioł, which constitute a part of a linguistic method for examining relations between elements of poetic language. The examples discussed concern free verse – they reveal elaborate structures and linguistic processes focused on syntactic condensation, poetic accommodation, elliptic verse or phraseological trace. In the poetry of Kozioł, especially phraseology is original, which makes the receptive perspective adopted at describing linguistic phenomena representative of complicated formal-semantic processes. The draft is an attempt to read the Poet’s texts with the use of linguistic tools, so it not only gives a complete picture of an individualised poet but helps to point out peculiarities, the examination of which requires a reflection on language perception in poetic structures.
PL
The text is an attempt to look at the problem of the contemporary studies into poetic language through the prism of poststructuralist reflection. The discussion, which originally referred to the theory of literature, concerned the themes also present in the studies of linguists and resulting from a critical analysis of the assumptions of structuralist thought. The perspective adopted in this abstract made it possible to present a research proposal comprising the category of redundancy in literary communication, as well as – in more detail – the category of relationality of verse, syntactical hypotheses or special predication with regard to poetic language. Free verse is apprehended here with reference to the findings of modern scholars of verse, which involves a special way of thinking about syntax in poetry, and also – about the specific aspects of semantics. The attached examples (from a collection of modern Polish poetry) provide the necessary illustration of the linguistic phenomena demonstrated in the text.
PL
This essay compares Utjeha kose, translated as The Solace of Hair, by Antun Gustav Matošand Death’s Valley by Walt Whitman. We analyze similarities in theme, metaphor and poeticstyle. We also offer a close analysis of verse, together with meter, together with syntax andphonology of the two poems. Matoš and Whitman approach similar themes from differentperspectives. However, we find coincidental similarities in both techniques and stylistic devices and the underlying messages of the pieces. We also draw upon our personal vision ofthe pieces as well as, in the case of Death’s Valley in particular, outside sources, to form ouropinions. It is necessary to say that we had no access to any materials on Matoš, and, therefore, all our statements on The Solace of Hair are our personal conclusions and have no intext or works cited documentation.
EN
This essay compares Utjeha kose, translated as The Solace of Hair, by Antun Gustav Matoš and Death’s Valley by Walt Whitman. We analyze similarities in theme, metaphor and poetic style. We also offer a close analysis of verse, together with meter, together with syntax and phonology of the two poems. Matoš and Whitman approach similar themes from different perspectives. However, we find coincidental similarities in both techniques and stylistic devices and the underlying messages of the pieces. We also draw upon our personal vision of the pieces as well as, in the case of Death’s Valley in particular, outside sources, to form our opinions. It is necessary to say that we had no access to any materials on Matoš, and, therefore, all our statements on The Solace of Hair are our personal conclusions and have no intext or works cited documentation.
EN
The paper is an attempt to analyse Barbara Klicka’s book of poetry nice, written in 2015. The interpretation is focused mainly on forms, which oscillate between prose poem and free verse. It also examines genological issues and shows main topics of presented literature, such as a revision of traditional aesthetic with an important turn into anaesthetic and its political and ethical contexts, or – in connection with philosophical, theological and social changes in the Western thought – the problem of postmodern subjectivity.
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EN
The article analyzes moments of silence in the free verse poem which are marked by the non-standard use of the dash (inconsistent with the rules of punctuation and grammar). The aim of the article is to show that the dash, and other punctuation marks, used in this way are equivalent to words, and function in a poetic text on the same rights as the word. Indeed, semantically and axiologically, they often constitute the supraverbal layer of the text. In the process, theories of free verse which in their assumptions do not recognize semantic punctuation as structurally equivalent to words are reexamined.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę przyjrzenia się momentom milczenia w wierszu wolnym sygnalizowanym poprzez niestandardowe zastosowanie myślnika (niezgodne z zasadami interpunkcji, niewynikające z wymogów gramatycznych). Celem tekstu jest wykazanie, że tak użyte znaki pozostają ekwiwalentne wobec wyrazów, funkcjonują w tekście poetyckim na tych samych prawach co słowo. Pod względem semantyczno-aksjologicznym sytuują się jednak w wielu przypadkach ponad tym, co wyrażone werbalnie. Próba opisu tego zjawiska wiąże się z rewizją dotychczasowej literatury poświęconej koncepcjom wiersza wolnego, które w swoich założeniach nie uwzględniały semantycznej interpunkcji traktowanej strukturalnie jako ekwiwalent słowa.
EN
The article deals with the problem of poetic syntax in free verse, examined with reference to the phenomenon of accommodation. The cases analyzed here of the conceptualization of objects in poetic texts (and thus in categories of nouns) allow for a two-track discussion: at the level of elements creating the space of a poem, i.e., the textual accommodation of individual line syntagmas, and also at the level of objects with their lexical (nominal) manifestations in the text, i.e., syntactic accommodation. Accommodation understood as adaptation to syntactic demands becomes, in this formulation, a mechanism of metaphorization, specification and contextual reinvigoration of lexical elements. The objects that thus together create the space in a text (by means of lexical references and typical semantic-syntactic roles) acquire features that disrupt conceptual categorization and due to their multiple functions reinforce the interpretative projects constructed by the reader. Each individual phenomenon is illustrated with poems by renowned contemporary poets.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy problemu składni poetyckiej w wierszu wolnym rozpatrywanego w odniesieniu do zjawiska akomodacji. Analizowane tekstowe przypadki ujęć obiektów w tekstach poetyckich (a więc kategorii rzeczownikowych) pozwoliły na refleksję idącą dwutorowo: na poziomie elementów tworzących przestrzeń wiersza, czyli akomodacji tekstowej wersowych syntagm doraźnych, a także na poziomie obiektów mających swoje leksykalne (nominalne) wykładniki w tekście, czyli akomodacji składniowej. Akomodacja rozumiana jako adaptowanie do wymagań składniowych staje się w takim ujęciu mechanizmem metaforyzacji, dookreślenia i kontekstowego odświeżenia elementów leksykalnych. Przedmioty współtworzące w ten sposób przestrzeń w tekście (za sprawą leksykalnych odniesień i typowych ról semantyczno-składniowych) uzyskują cechy rozbijające kategorialność pojęciową i z racji wielości funkcji wzmacniają konstruowane przez odbiorcę projekty interpretacyjne. Szczegółowe zjawiska zilustrowane zostały wierszami uznanych poetów współczesnych.
EN
The present study analyses the poem Ó Šebestiáne (Oh, Sebastian) by Jan Zahradníček, included in his collection Rouška Veroničina (Veronica’s Veil) (1949). These poems are seen particularly as a way to represent the general approaches typical of Zahradníček’s work in the latter half of the 1940s. In particular, the exposition is presented both from the anthropoetic and the theopoetic standpoint. This treatment of the poet’s anthropoetics does not just indicate that artistic creation in general and poetry in particular have a biological-anthropological basis, affecting aesthetic and social ties, but that literature and poetry are something of quite fundamental significance to man, in certain circumstances of vital importance to his survival, affecting him in extraordinary ways. This anthropoetical aspect is thematized both implicitly and explicitly in Zahradníček’s poetry, as one of its driving forces and very prominently as a subject of poetic reflection. The initial anthropoetical and theopoetical framework of the exposition is also developed with an interpretationally-based poetological analysis of various poetic devices utilized in original ways by Jan Zahradníček. This particularly requires an outline of the way he worked with free verse, which becomes a dominant feature in his poetry in the late 1940s and the early 1950s, as well as his rhythmic and semantic organization, an analysis of the strophic composition of his poetry and an analysis of his usage of such devices as punctuation and the like.
PL
Recenzja omawia książkę Krzysztofa Skibskiego „Poezja jako iteratura. Relacje między elementami języka poetyckiego w wierszu wolnym”. Według autorki jest to nowatorskie studium wiersza nienumerycznego widzianego nie w perspektywie deficytu (regularności), ale poprzez cechy właściwe tej formie, a nieistniejące w innych systemach wersyfikacyjnych. Badacz z powodzeniem wykorzystuje zarówno narzędzia językoznawcze, jak i literaturoznawcze, tworzy także nowe konstrukty pojęciowe. Za klucz do odbioru wiersza wolnego uznaje lekturę wielokrotną (iteracyjną), związaną np. z przestrzennością formy, relacyjnością wersów, występowaniem elips wersowych i reminiscencji frazeologicznych.
EN
The review discusses Krzysztof Skibski’s book “Poetry as an Iterature. The Relationship between Elements of Poetic Language and Free Verse”. In the reviewer’s opinion, it is an innovative study of non-numerical poem seen not from the perspective of deficit (regularity), but by the features peculiar to that form that is non-existent in other versification systems. The researcher successfully employs both linguistic and literary tools, as well as develops new cognitive constructs. Multiple (iterative) reading, connected with, e.g., form spaciousness, verse relations, presence of verse ellipses, and phraseological reminiscences are made the key to the free verse reception.
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