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PL
Autor tego artykułu zwraca uwagę na problemy dotyczące współczesnych kazań pojawiające się w związku z metodami stosowanymi przez pastorów w celu ich przygotowania, a także będące wynikiem współpracy pomiędzy domem pogrzebowym a pastorem. Niewłaściwe metody wpływają niekorzystnie na proces powstawania kazania pogrzebowego, natomiast współpraca domu pogrzebowego z pastorem może negatywnie wpłynąć na postrzeganie pastora i jego znaczenie dla żałobników. Autor spodziewa się, że studia interdyscyplinarne, a zwłaszcza wnioski płynące z badań psychologicznych nad żałobą mogą pomóc w procesie konstruowania takich kazań pogrzebowych, które w odpowiedni sposób odniosą się do sytuacji. Pastorzy winni brać pod uwagę wiedzę psychologiczną, lecz ich narzędzia powinny pochodzić z umiejętnego zastosowania teologii i wiary w Boga.
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2018
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vol. 72
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issue 3(322)
91-96
PL
Artykuł rekonstruuje specyfikę duchowości protestanckiej dokonując porównawczej analizy pieśni pogrzebowych i żałobnych protestanckich i katolickich. Skupia się na takich specyficznych cechach tych pieśni jak np. pewność zbawienia czy symbolice powrotu „do domu Ojca”. O ile naznaczone humanistycznym żalem za zmarłym pieśni katolickie odrzucają taką pewność, to ściśle fundowana na chrystologii wizja dalszych losów duszy po śmierci pozwoliła stworzyć protestantom odmienną kulturę funeralną, którą daje się odczytać z tekstów pieśni śpiewanych podczas pogrzebów.
EN
This is a reconstruction of the specificity of Protestant spirituality by means of a comparative analysis of Protestant and Catholic funeral songs. The text focuses on such characteristic features as, e.g. the certitude of salvation or the symbolism of the return to “the house of the Father”. Catholic songs, marked with humanistic sorrow, reject this sort of certainty but a vision of the further fate of the soul after death, firmly founded in Christology, made it possible for the Protestants to create a different funebral culture decipherable from the texts of songs performed at funerals.
EN
The mourning after polish leader Marshall Joseph Pilsudski was very important event of political, religious and social nature. Respect for the leader was showed by churches: roman catholic, greek- catholic and jews. The Marschall Joseph Piłsudski was not a religious person, but his burial and mourning ceremony had religious and political character. In many religious and political ceremonies along the Poland attended whole society including national minorities.
EN
The aim of this study was to explore cultural factors affecting burial rituals in Poland. Thirty-four university students collected data from their relatives and created written narratives about deaths in their families or community. Ten additional interviews were conducted with community members, a priest, and medical personnel as part of theoretical sampling and verifi cation of emerging theories. The qualitative material was administered with NVivo and analysed using the Grounded Theory techniques to produce a complex description of folk beliefs, superstitions, as well as symbolic and psychological meaning ascribed to traditional customs. Some of the practices were found susceptible to extinction due to industrialisation, globalisation, and cultural development.
EN
The main aim of the article is recognition of current manners of transforming deep sorrow after loss of relatives in literature. The theme of two novels written by polish authors – man and woman – in 21st century is death of their fathers. Preparing for funerals intensifies mourning and recalls memories of the past. Those experiences demand expression. Interpretations of two autobiografical novels prove that the traditional roles for sorrowing after loss which were highly dependent on gender, later in 20th century were submitted certain changes and this process accelerate. Strong feelings of mourning belong to human being, The ways of manifesting those feeligs are connected with gender but are not entirely determined by this category.
EN
Originating from wealthy families, funerals that took place in the 17th and 18th c were in fact theatrical performances, with a major part being played by colour, luxurious textiles and all other elements connected with burial ceremonies, e.g. 3000 candles. Clothes and haberdashery (as well as footwear, gloves, stockings, bands), made of silk fabrics were regarded as luxurious objects in the Middle Ages and Modern Times. Silk yarn was also used for upholstery textile production. Coffins were upholstered in these periods using: silk, wool and linen. Silk presented in the article, belongs to plain fabrics in weave 1/1, but also satins, velvets and damasks. Ornamenting motifs took the form of geometric shapes and flora. Archaeological material rarely delivers original textile colour, because it usually appears in yellow and green as a result of pigment decomposition. However, the textiles discussed here revealed red fabrics in various shades. The selected coffin upholstery comes from archaeological explorations in churches from Szczuczyn, Gniew, Lublin and Toruń.
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EN
The article presents short but multi-faced of events surrounding the funeral of President Lech Kaczyński. Based on this example, the author considers issues concerning the political ritual and the media event. Also, the funeral is described as a performance following a specific scenario. The analysis was based on the material available in the media and the author’s personal observations.
EN
Funerary practices in the present-day Czech Republic are a very specific field that is worthy of special attention. High rate of cremations and especially the fifty-percent and still growing rate of cremations without a funerary ceremony are unique in the world. The article presents specific features of funerary practices, and tries to point out the reasons that gave rise to them. It uses data from several field researches conducted by the author in funeral services in 2003–2018, as well as historical and ethnological data and studies. The author refers to the interconnection between religious and secular traditions (cremation movement and civil funerals) and the present-day burials, cremations and funerary ceremonies in the Czech Republic. Cremations without ceremonies (direct cremations) are most usual in Prague, and central, northern and western Bohemia. The text interprets this phenomenon as a consequence of the absence of religious traditions and the massive spread of civil funerals during the reign of the Communist party in the second half of the 20th century.
EN
The article discusses the issues of death in times of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and burial of the COVID-19 deceased. It also presents some currently binding legal regulations as well as restrictions and obligations for the organizers of the funeral connected with the infection of the deceased with COVID-19. Moreover, it shows the influence of state law on funeral regulations in the denominational form and the cult of memory of the dead.
EN
This article looks at the issue of the posthumous presentation of Charles IV in two funeral sermons given on the occasion of the emperor’s funeral at the end of 1378 by the preacher Henry of Wildenstein (Henricus de Wildenstein, OFM). Using an analysis of topics within the funeral rhetoric, the article author endeavours to point out the religious, and in particular morally exhortative (encouraging) function of the sermons. This is an analytical-interpretative study of an exegetic source.
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EN
Habits are a peculiar component of culture, which currently have more functions in society. The function to identify is among the identification which classifies an individual as a member of “his/her” group, defines him or her and serves as an instrument for differentiation. The functions are an important element in the construction of a feeling of pride on the membership in a given group. The study submits a view of the specific realm of funeral habits and military funeral ceremonies within the military community with focus on the description of the current form of these habits in the environment of the Armed Forces of the Slovakian Republic. It introduces the basic formal means that are used in this environment in the case of a soldier´s death. The author observes how standards and rules are applied. She searches for an answer to the question whether there is a space in this strict environment hampered by norms to undertake spontaneous activities, not defined in the rules, related to funeral ceremonies and farewells, or other specific expressions that are part of life of this socio-professional group. The study pays attention to specific types of ritual activities, such as ramp ceremony and welcome ceremony, the theme of soldiers - suicides, and the ratio of religious funeral ceremonies in the military environment.
EN
In the sanctuary dedicated to the patriarchs in Hebron, according to tradition, there are graves of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and their wives, Sarah, Rebekah and Leah. The roots of this tradition go back to the Book of Genesis, however, today there are some people who call into question the credibility of this message. On the grounds of analysis of the text describing the circumstances of Jacob’s death, some state that actually his grave has a diff erent location. Others, in turn, will point out that the story of Abraham purchasing a fi eld with the cave of Machpelah for the grave of Sarah (cf. Gen 23) is a very late tradition, which was attached to the pre-existing text. Therefore, in this article, we will analyze existing studies referring to the issue of the patriarchs’ death and its accom-panying events (funeral, mourning, grave) in order to check how they discuss it and to what extent they approach this practice globally.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy pogrzebu jako przedmiotu zainteresowania dizajnu. W obszarze funeralnym projektowanie używane jest w sposób tradycyjny, czyli jako narzędzie rynkowe służące estetyzacji i poprawiające funkcjonalność produktów, co ma prowadzić do zwiększenia zysków. Przy pomocy autoanalizy autor-projektant przedstawia alternatywne podejście. Omawia proces projektowania rytuałów pogrzebowych przyszłości, w którym zastosował metodę dizajnu spekulatywnego. Podstawowym celem tekstu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, czy w przypadku tego typu projektu, z założenia pozostającego w sferze wyobraźni, można stosować pojęcie wdrożenia. Autor zauważa, że do zmiany praktyk społecznych nie wystarczy sam dizajn. Potrzebny jest ruch społeczny, który wykształca masę krytyczną niezbędną do zmiany myślenia, a następnie prawa. Sposobem wdrożenia projektu spekulatywnego może być potraktowanie go przez organizacje społeczne jako narzędzia warsztatowo-edukacyjnego, stymulującego i poszerzającego wyobraźnię.
EN
This paper deals with funerals as an object of design interest. For funerals, design is used in a traditional way, as a market tool to aestheticise and improve the functionality of products, with the expectation of increased profits. Using self-analysis, the author-designer presents an alternative approach. He discusses the process of designing funerals of the future, for which he uses the speculative design method. The main goal of the article is to answer the question of whether – since this type of project by definition remains in the realm of imagination – we can use the term “implementation” in its regard. The author notes that design is not sufficient to change social practices. What is needed is a social movement that can generate the critical mass necessary to change thinking and, in the next step, the law. The implementation of a speculative design project may involve its use by social organisations as an educational tool to stimulate and expand imagination.
PL
Teksty liturgiczne pogrzebu dzieci, zawarte w Mszale rzymskim, nie skupiają się tylko na samym zmarłym dziecku. W dużej ich części można dostrzec znaczącą pozycję rodziców i krewnych. Ponieważ Kościół troszczy się nie tylko o zmarłych, którzy już ukończyli ziemską wędrówkę do „Domu Ojca”, ale ma na względzie szczególnie wciąż będących w drodze do nieba, teksty liturgii pogrzebowej pamiętają o jednych i drugich. Teksty liturgiczne ukazują nadzieję spotkania w wieczności. Miłosierdzie potrzebne jest nie tyle zmarłemu dziecku, co raczej doświadczającym straty rodzicom.
XX
Liturgical texts of children funeral contained in the Roman Missal, do not focus only on a deceased child. The significant parents’ and relatives’ role can be seen in its large part. As the Church is concerned not only about the deceased, who have already completed their earthly path to “the Father’s House”, but it takes into consideration in particular those who are still on their way to heaven, therefore funeral liturgy texts remember both (the deceased and the living). Liturgical texts present hope to meet in eternity. Mercy is needed not so much the deceased child, but rather its parents experiencing loss.
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Pogrzeb w islamie

63%
PL
Życie doczesne według muzułmanina jest przemijającym darem od Allaha. Rola bliskich w momencie konania, śmierci i pogrzebu muzułmanina ma ogromne znaczenie. W momencie konania umierającemu powtarza się wyznanie wiary i nakłania, by sam je powtarzał. Po ustaniu funkcji życiowych ciało zmarłego układa się na prawym boku twarzą zwróconą w kierunku Mekki oraz przystępuje do rytualnego oczyszczenia i przygotowania do pochówku. Jeżeli zmarły miał jakiś dług – należy go uregulować. Po obmyciu ciało zmarłego owija się w całun. Pogrzeb należy przeprowadzić w ciągu doby po zgonie. Po dokonanej ablucji następuje modlitwa zgodna z zaleceniami Koranu. Ciało zanosi się na cmentarz i składa się do grobowca w taki sposób, żeby twarz była zwrócona w kierunki Mekki. Nagrobki muzułmańskie są bardzo skromne, bez zbędnych dekoracji i kwiatów. Następnego dnia najbliżsi krewni zmarłego muszą rozdać jałmużnę i dopiero wtedy otrzymać od innych kondolencje.
EN
A Muslim’s earthly life is a fading gift from Allah. The role of the closes relatives while dying, during the death and a funeral – is very significant. While a Muslim is dying, the family repeats profession of faith and persuade the dying to do that as well. After the vital functions stopped, the body is put in the position on the right side with the face towards Mecca and the ritual ablution and the preparations to the funeral begin. If the dead person had any debt – it must be settled. After the ablution, the body is covered with a shroud. The funeral must be processed within 24 hours after death. After the ablution, a prayer is conducted in accordance with the Qur’an’s regulations. The body is brought to the cemetery and put to the tomb with the face towards Mecca. Muslim tombstones are very modest; there are no unnecessary decorations or flowers. The next day, the closest relatives must distribute the alms and only then they are allowed to receive the condolences.
Język Polski
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2020
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vol. 100
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issue 1
78-91
PL
Przedmiotem badań są polskie chrematonimy funeralne z mitologizmami. Ilościowy i jakościowy ogląd materii badawczej, oparty na kilku kryteriach (m.in. genetyczno-kulturowym – pochodzenie mitologizmu, onomastycznym – typ nazwy mitologicznej, leksykalno-semantycznym – wartość konotacyjna mitologizmu, funkcjonalnym – funkcja mitologizmu w nazwie), pokazuje, że nadawcy/kreatorzy chrematonimów najczęściej sięgają po leksykę z mitologii greckiej (rzadziej rzymskiej i egipskiej), po teonimy – nazwy bogów, po mitologizmy konotujące treści funeralne i identyfikujące zakres pełnionych przez firmę usług. Nierzadko jednak decydują się na formalne modyfikacje komponentu mitologicznego (Archon zamiast Charon) czy użycie w nazwie firmy mitologizmu słabo konotującego treści funeralne (Olimp, Arkadia) bądź w ogóle nieidentyfikującego profilu działalności przedsiębiorstwa (Achilles, Herkules).
EN
Polish funeral chrematonyms with mythological elements are being examined here. The quantitative and qualitative survey of the subject matter, based on several criteria (among them, a genetic and cultural criterion – the origin of a mythology reference; onomastic – its type; lexical and semantic – its connotative values; functional – the function of a mythological component in a name), shows that chrematonym senders/creators most often turn to Greek vocabulary – less frequently Roman or Egyptian – to teonyms (names of deities), to mythological words which connote funeral topics and identify the range of services the company offers. In addition, now and again they choose to modify the form that a mythological component assumes (Archon instead of Charon) or to use a term which hardly connotes funeral topics (Olimp, Arkadia) or does not clarify the business profile at all (Achilles, Herkules)
Vox Patrum
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2001
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vol. 40
263-291
EN
In seiner seelsorgerischen Arbeit sterbte Johannes Chrysostomus nach der Christianisierung den allen Lebensgebieten. Das mit dem Alltagsleben zusammenhanglose Christentum war ftir ihn ein Schein, der mit dem Neuen Testament widerschprach. Er war ein Verfechter [ein Verkiinder] des Christentums als apostolische Reinlichkeit und KompromiBlosigkeit. In diesem Fall war die Seelsorge ein unaufhórliches Streben nach der Verbindung der allen LebensauBerungen mit dem Geist des Evangeliums.
EN
The loss of a stillborn child is very serious. Parents future disappears together with the departure of the child. There is also a sense of guilt associated with their responsibility for the arisen situation. Mourning parents often need support from their closests and the Church. Supportive presence, active listening, and practical help are very important during their mourning.The funeral of a stillborn child in accordance to Church’s rules is still possible despite the fact that the child has not been baptized yet. The white vestments symbolize the child’s innocence and the Eucharist celebrated for mourning parents gives them hope that their child is in God’s hands.
PL
Strata dziecka martwo urodzonego jest bardzo dotkliwa. Odchodzi bowiem dziecko, z którym rodzice wiązali swoją przyszłość. Pojawia się także poczucie winy związane z odpowiedzialnością za zaistniałą sytuację. Rodzice przeżywający żałobę potrzebują często wsparcia ze strony otoczenia i Kościoła. W towarzyszeniu w żałobie ważne są: obecność, aktywne słuchanie, praktyczna pomoc.Pogrzeb dziecka martwo urodzonego jest możliwy w Kościele, mimo to nie zostało ono ochrzczone. Białe szaty liturgiczne symbolizują niewinność dziecka, a sprawowana Eucharystia za rodziców pogrążonych w żałobie daje im nadzieję, że ich dziecko jest w rękach Boga.
EN
The family – formerly and today – was the basic nuclear family. The material is too huge, so only three aspects of the family life are presented: marriage, the birth of a child and the death of a family member. In these moments, an important part was the beliefs of the ancient Greeks. On the wedding day, it was watched that all the rituals were fulfilled. For good fortune sacrifices were made to the gods. And on the day of the wedding at night, they wandered with torches for the joy of Hestia and to drive off the night deities. When the child was born, the mother had to perform a ritual purification. But accepting a newborn child depended on his father. If he accepted the child, he walked around the hearth, the domain of Hestia. Death is an inseparable moment in every family. What were the family's duties for the gods and deceased ancestors? They tried to give the grave all the important things, so that the soul would safely go to Hades. The family gave a honey cake to Cerber's dog and an obolon for Charon. In the Greek family religion was important and was an inseparable element in ancient Greece.
EN
The article addresses the issue of liturgical practice related to the death of unbaptized children. In the historical liturgical tradition of the Orthodox Church, the funeral rite of unbaptized children did not function. This article analyzes changes in the liturgical practice of local churches in Greece and Russia regarding prayer for unbaptized children. The liturgical and pastoral considerations are complemented by the funeral rite of an unbaptized child, prepared on the basis of current Greek and Russian texts.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie praktyki liturgicznej związanej ze śmiercią nieochrzczonych dzieci. W historycznej liturgicznej tradycji Cerkwi prawosławnej obrzęd pogrzebu nieochrzczonych dzieci nie funkcjonował. Niniejszy artykuł analizuje zmiany w praktyce liturgicznej lokalnych cerkwi w Grecji i Rosji dotyczące modlitwy za nieochrzczone dzieci. Uzupełnieniem rozważań liturgicznych i pasterskich jest obrzęd pogrzebowy nieochrzczonego dziecka, przygotowany w oparciu o aktualne greckie i rosyjskie teksty.
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