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Znaczenie zasobów poznawczych dla poziomu funkcji zarządzających w wieku senioralnym

100%
Byczewska-Konieczny K., Kielar-Turska M., Paleczna M.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2013
|
vol. 18
|
issue 4
83–93
EN
Old age is characterized by an age-related cognitive decline. The role of executive functions in this process has recently been indicated. The population of elderly people, however, is not homogenous in terms of intellectual functioning. This diversity may be explained by evoking the notion of cognitive reserve which posits that elderly people have different levels of resources enabling them to compensate for the negative changes. The level of the cognitive reserve is related to the level of the executive functions. This study analyzes the relationship between the levels of three components of the executive functions: flexibility, working memory and planning, and educational, cultural or physical activities carried out throughout life. The results show that educational and cultural activities are important to working memory, while planning is additionally helped by physical activity. Further, some components of the executive functions are more infl uenced by activity before retirement, while others are more affected by activity after retirement.
2
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Kompetentny tutor. Znaczenie funkcji zarządzających dla przebiegu tutoringu rówieśniczego

84%
Kosno M.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2013
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vol. 18
|
issue 4
95–110
EN
The paper presents research on the relationship between different components and aspects of executive functions and the tutor’s behaviors and strategies used during peer tutoring. The research involved 23 pairs of six-year-old children. The tutors’ task was to teach their peers the rules of a board game. There was a signifi cant correlation between the level of the executive functions and the tutor’s behaviors and strategies which supported the student during the tutoring. Significant components of the executive functions included shifting attention, inhibition, working memory and the cool aspect of the executive functions. The tutors applying various strategies (Outside the role, Initiator, Partner, Coordinator) differed significantly in their levels of the executive functions, and especially in the planning component.
3
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Natura, mechanizmy neurofizjologiczne i zmiany rozwojowe funkcji zarządzających

67%
Kielar-Turska M., Kosno M.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2013
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vol. 18
|
issue 4
9–27
EN
The paper presents an overview of basic issues related to executive functions, the phenomenon being the center of interest to psychologists at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, discussed from the historical, neurophysiological and ontogenetic perspectives. It gives basic information about the history of research on the executive functions and their neurophysiological correlates. At fi rst, the research focused on the function of the frontal cortex, which was thought to organize intellectual activity in adults with damage to that part of the brain. Studies in the ontogenetic paradigm have helped to explain the genesis of the executive functions, their complex nature, developmental changes and critical periods. They have also contributed to determining the relationship between the executive functions and other cognitive processes, such as theories of mind, or emotional processes, and to revealing the environmental conditions. The paper describes the complex nature of the executive functions, indicating the fixed components: inhibition, flexibility, working memory and planning, and presents psychological testing methods, pointing out the most commonly used techniques. The authors refer both to foreign and Polish authors studying groups of participants developing normally or with disorders in different periods of development, and they note the cognitive and the practical aspects of research on the executive functions.
4
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Językowa zewnętrzna i wewnętrzna kontrola działania

67%
Kielar-Turska M.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
|
2013
|
vol. 18
|
issue 4
47–61
EN
The paper discusses the relationship between language, cognition and behavior. It shows language as an external activator (the control function of speech) and an internal organizer of thoughts (private speech, inner speech). A. Luria’s research on the control function of speech has been continued in the study of the understanding of directives; L.S. Vygotsky’s concept of forms of speech has resulted in the imaginative research on private speech conducted since the 1980s, revealing the specifi city of private speech and the important part it plays in development, while studies of inner speech have helped to explain the role of language in thinking. Research on the executive functions allows us to track links between higher cognitive processes and language. It turns out that language and communication skills and vocabulary not only correlate with the developmental level of the executive functions, but are a good predictor of their development.
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