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This article provides an overview of challenges facing the Polish power industry. The author claims that the investments in new electricity production assets and capacity of transmission systems are of crucial importance. Development of electricity markets by introducing the capacity market, development of electricity and gas transmission systems that allow wide use of pipe gas as fuel in power stations are necessary to that end as well. The article begins with information on legal framework of energy market (including unbundling process and its results). Next, plans and prospects for future development of power industry in Poland are presented.
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Rozwój systemów elektroenergetycznych

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EN
This article provides an overview of challenges facing the Polish power industry. The author claims that the investments in new electricity production assets and capacity of transmission systems are of crucial importance. Development of electricity markets by introducing the capacity market, development of electricity and gas transmission systems that allow wide use of pipe gas as fuel in power stations are necessary to that end as well. The article begins with information on legal framework of energy market (including unbundling process and its results). Next, plans and prospects for future development of power industry in Poland are presented.
EN
The war in Ukraine changed the security landscape in Europe, the aggression of the Russian Federation also aected the energy security. For decades European elites negotiated and signed contracts for energy supplies from the Russian Federation, which gave Russia the opportunity to restore and strengthen its military capacity, and as a result, to launch an unprovoked aggression against Ukraine. Realizing the fallacy of its own energy diplomacy, the EU began searching for new and intensied relations with existing energy suppliers. The aim of this article is to analyze the role and signicance of Azerbaijan as a potential supplier of gas to Europe, especially to its southern ank, where strong positions of Russian inuence remain. During the preparation of the study, the international legal basis of relations between Azerbaijan and the EU was systematized and analyzed, the main supply routes of Azerbaijani gas to the European markets were determined and characterized. Prospects for deepening cooperation between the EU and Azerbaijan in the implementation of energy projects have been determined. Possible threats to the supply of Azerbaijani gas to European markets under the conditions of preservation of Russia's inuence are separately described.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Polski w obliczu liberalizacji rynku energetycznego UE. Celem podjętych badań jest identyfikacja istniejących tutaj dla Polski oraz państw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej zagrożeń oraz ocena ich skali i skutków ekonomicznych oraz politycznych. Artykuł napisano w oparciu o wykorzystanie metod badawczych bazujących na przede wszystkim na analizie źródeł w postaci dokumentów normatywnych, dostępnych pozycji z literatury przedmiotu, danych porównawczych czy wtórnych stanowiących metodologiczne komponenty stadium przypadku badanego gazociągu OPAL. W artykule dokonano przeglądu wydarzeń i uwarunkowań dotyczących stosowania unijnych regulacji prawnych zmierzających do przeciwdziałania monopolistycznemu zawładnięciu przez rosyjski koncern Gazprom omawianą magistralą przesyłową w kontekście polityki bezpieczeństwa energetycznego prowadzonej przez polskie władze na tle analogicznych działań kilku innych państw regionu.
EN
The subject of this article is Poland’s energy security in the face of the liberalization of the European Union energy market. The aim of the undertaken research was to identify the threats existing in Poland and countries of Central and Eastern Europe as well as to assess their scale and economic and political effects.The article was primarily based on the following research methods: analysis of sources in the form of normative documents, available literature, comparative or secondary data constituting methodological components of the examined OPAL pipline case study. The article also reviews the events and conditions relating to the application of EU legal regulations aimed at counteracting the monopolistic seizure by the Russian Gazprom of the discussed transmission line in the context of the energy security policy pursued by the Polish authorities against the background of similar activities of several other countries in the region
EN
The destruction of the Nord Stream gas pipelines in September 2022 resulted in the appearance of very diverse opinions in the world media regarding the perpetrators of this attack. According to the author, it can be argued that in the very diverse message coming from many entities, it is very difficult to try to identify the perpetrators of this act. In addition to the naturally contradictory views of the representatives of the individual countries concerned, there is a lot of information in cyberspace that is intended not so much to convey the position of specific players as to mislead the recipients. Western media usually blame Russia for the attack, but opponents of this view point to its weaknesses. The paper presents examples of disinformation contained in the media coverage regarding the attacks on Nord Stream, including the role of fake news, sometimes relatively easy to detect, but undoubtedly affecting the formation of public opinion. The article uses the factor method as well as the prognostic method.  
PL
Zniszczenie gazociągów Nord Stream we wrześniu 2022 roku spowodowało pojawienie się w światowych mediach bardzo zróżnicowanych opinii dotyczących sprawców tego ataku. Według autora, można postawić tezę, że w bardzo zróżnicowanym przekazie płynącym od wielu podmiotów bardzo trudno jest próbować wskazać sprawców tego czynu. Oprócz, co naturalne, sprzecznych ze sobą poglądów przedstawicieli poszczególnych zainteresowanych państw, w cyberprzestrzeni pojawia się bardzo wiele informacji mających nie tyle przekazać stanowisko określonych graczy, ile wprowadzić w błąd odbiorców. Zachodnie media najczęściej winą za atak obarczają Rosję, jednak przeciwnicy tego poglądu wskazują jego słabe strony. W pracy przedstawiono przykłady dezinformacji zawartych w przekazie medialnym w sprawie ataków na Nord Stream, w tym rolę fake newsów, niekiedy stosunkowo łatwych do wychwycenia, lecz niewątpliwie wpływających na kształtowanie się poglądów opinii publicznej. W artykule zastosowana została metoda czynnikowa, a także metoda prognostyczna.
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