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EN
The article analyses the structural, pragmatic, cognitive and stylistic aspects of a handbook entitled Introduction to governance, featured in the first Polish popular-scientific journal – “Nowe Wiadomości Ekonomiczne i Uczone” published in Warsaw in 1758–1761 by Wawrzyniec Mitzler de Kolof. It has been demonstrated that the text under analysis, which can be classified as a utility text, shows conspicuous elements of two styles – ordinary (unsophisticated vocabulary; simple syntactic structures; proverbs) and scholarly (pronounced text segmentation, perspective of the author setting himself aside from the recipient; economic terminology; defining new or more difficult concepts; references to foreign (Latin and/or German) counterparts of Polish names of plants).
EN
The development of the Belarusian journalism in the mid of 1980s is closely related with the increasingly significant changes in the social life in Belarus. Journalists which were working with the most popular newspapers and magazines have made a significant contribution to the process of social evolution, enabling and urging change in social mood. Changes in the social life of Belarus in the mid of 1980s and the gradual departure from the tradition of an earlier era of journalism, which consists, inter alia, focus and the stigma of any problems anywhere in the world while avoiding any decisive conflict in their own society, indeed the creation of the wall of silence around the difficult issues - everything is allowed to appear in the second half of the 1980s in the press, including a literary journals, journalism exposing the radically different way of current problems of society, and especially the issue of radioactive contamination rainfall as a result of nuclear power plant explosion in Chernobyl and the consequences of this drastic event, ranging from the need for a massive displacement of population areas infected by the problem of rejection, or even social ostracism to the displaced and ending with the issue of ecology of the soul of the personality. One of the reasons of difference of post-Chernobyl’s journalism is, among other things, the authority of any effort to avoid a loud discussion about the use of nuclear energy and the consequences of technogenic catastrophe at Chernobyl in order to reduce tension in society. Speaking of “new wave” of the Belarusian journalism about ecology, it is worth noting the significant modifications to the article as a journalistic genre through the use of specific elements of literature - novels, short stories, etc.. The result is a harmonious blend of publicism and literary traditions, which makes more interesting and appealing to the reader the discussion topic which is at the center of attention of a publicist, and greater opportunities to influence the viewer through its impact on the reader’s emotional sphere. The philosophical content of articles which is approaching to understanding and trying to find himself in the reality and also diversity of species range of publications on the need to put this philosophical content were allowed to appear in journalism in Belarus in last two decades of the XX century literary works, which appear the relations between the ecological environment and the state of individual identity. In other words, the publicists have introduced into circulation the socio-literary concept of “human ecology”. The problem of “ecological unit” wasn’ present in belarusian’s journalism of soviet period, perhaps due to lack of greater attention to the individual as such. Therefore, the appearance of this theme is an absolute novelty for the period of post-soviet Belarusian journalism. It could be explained not so much realizing the need to find solutions in conjunction with the complications which occurred on the problem of environmental protection, as changes in social life, the overall democratization, the consequence is determined to raise public awareness, the authorities need to accelerate reforms.
EN
on-existent before the late 1980s, in recent years urban fantasy / paranormal romance has become the prevailing form of the monstrous Gothic in popular culture. In little more than two decades, urban fantasy has evolved from striking new genre innovations, coming to constitute a set of nowfamiliar genre conventions. Yet while urban fantasy has risen meteorically in popularity, especially in the last decade, it remains surprisingly understudied as a coherent genre. McLennon in the article Defining Urban Fantasy and Paranormal Romance: Crossing Boundaries of Genre, Media, Self and Other in New Supernatural Worlds provides a clear definition and history of urban fantasy / paranormal romance as a genre. She argues that this genre is both formally and thematically concerned with destabilising new Gothic boundaries—boundaries of genre, of media, of self and Other. Finally, McLennon suggests that these formal and thematic challenges to boundaries offer one explanation for this genre’s broad popularity. The article thus seeks to provide a platform from which we can better analyse and understand both this genre as a whole, and its individual texts, across a variety of media.
EN
A discussion Literature of the Unseen—Visions and (Re)visions of Urban Fantasy collects theoretical reflections upon the subgenres of urban fantasy and paranormal romance, along with a brief commentary on the body of text representative for both conventions. Participants include „Creatio Fantasti­ca” editors—Sylwia Borowska-Szerszun, Krzysztof M. Maj, and Barbara Szymczak-Maciejczyk—as well as renowned experts in the field of fantasy studies: Stefan Ekman, author of the first monograph of fantasy map-making, Here Be Dragons. Exploring Fantasy Maps & Settings (2013), and Audrey Taylor, author of Patricia A. McKillip and the Art of Fantasy World-building (2017).
EN
The article attempts to define the print advertorial in the perspective of the Polish theory of the genre and the French school of discourse analysis: to describe the genre signals that distinguish it from editorial content on the one hand and advertising content on the other, and to identify the relevant and idiosyncratic features of its prototypical core. It complements existing linguistic, media and press studies (Polish, European, American and Canadian), which – despite the dynamically growing importance of advertorial communication, becoming a dominant marketing tool in the magazine press – marginalise this phenomenon and do not devote much attention to it. The print advertorial is an advertising genre where messages are (as required by law) labelled, not listed, paginated or journalistically signed. They become genologically similar – to other press genres – and physically similar – to the editorial content around them – through the mechanisms of polymorphic mimesis. This strategy includes techniques of a greater or lesser degree of manipulation, such as nomenclature diversification, signature written in tiny print, low-visibility places and vertically, harmonisation of the topic and layout, genre adaptations as well as imitating the appearance of a typical newspaper article. A particularly interesting case is the mechanism of nomenclature diversification, which is completely overlooked in research. As it turns out, on the advertising market in Poland, there are 20 different signatures of the advertorial operating simultaneously, which – let me emphasise – are fully synonymous. These include terms such as: prezentacja partnera, promocja, materiał prasowy, materiał przygotowany przez + [brand name] (e.g., Material prepared by Optegra) or [brand name] + in + [magazine name] (e.g., Davines in Wysokie Obcasy Extra). Per analogiam, advertorials in French are covered by 12 different signatures (including publi-communiqué, publi-information, publi-story, publi-reportage, publi-évasion) and in English by three names (advertorial, special advertising section, promotion). The author presents the advertorial in its proper socio-cultural and historical context and carries out semiotic and discursive analyses of numerous examples from Polish, French and English magazine press from the years 2000–2021. That allows her to propose a broad definition of the print advertorial in question and, at the same time, to illustrate its complex, polymorphic nature.
EN
The article presents the main elements from a discussion forum that examined the Internet as a genre from the perspective of linguistic genology. This genre is presented as a codified one, which meets technological requirements, accepted textual standards and norms of communication (netiquette, regulations). It is an asynchronous form, which operates in hypertextual mode, though oral elements can also be distinguished. The following elements are characteristic of Internet discussion forums: dialogic aspect, petrification of textual frame, thematic arrangements, colloquial character and a tendency to condense both form and content. The main purpose of Internet discussion forums is to present and share information and opinions.
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EN
Fantasy literature in the 1980s underwent a revisionist change, which resulted in the emergence of a number of subgenres that challenged the dominant Tolkien model of fantasy writing. One such subgenre, which continues in popularity today, is urban fantasy. Urban fantasy is distinguished by real-world urban settings unsettled by the presence of the supernatural and the non-rational. The classification of the subgenre has predominantly been commercial or industry-based, with little critical or theoretical evaluation undertaken to define or establish its parameters. Within a limited frame of refe­rence the article Theorizing the Emergent Subgenre of Urban Fantasy aims at offering a classificatory framework that identifies the distinctive elements of urban fantasy to further the generic understanding of unique fantasy subgenres.
EN
This article presents a review of family sagas theory (family novels) as a genre. A family saga derives from Medieval Saga, but in contemporary meaning it is an extensive epic story about the history of the family. The purpose of the article is to organize earlier concepts and create a consistent model of a traditional family saga. It is also an introduction to the study of contemporary representations of this genre.
EN
Telesfor Chełchowski’s Gorzkie żale moskalofilskie [The Moscophile Lenten Lamentations] (1917) is a text which corresponds to the poetics of political disputes of the Polish in exile at the turn of the 19th and the 20th century. At the same time, the author draws on from the Polish literary tradition. Through making references to the prayer convention and model – Lenten (Bitter) Lamentations – and taking into account the genesis, Chełchowski’s text can be regarded as travesty or a specimen of the model. This reference manifests itself in the structure: 1) Awakening; 2) Considerations; 3) three identically complex parts which are internally structured, that is Hymn boleści [A hymn of anguish], Lament moskafilów nad cierpiącym ekscarem [A lament of Moscophiles over the suffering ex-Tsar], Wesoła rozmowa moskofila z koniowcem [A merry talk between a Moscophile and a horsephile]; 4) Zakończenie lamentów moskafilskich [The conclusion of Moscophile laments], as well as in the consistently applied metric model, stylistic and semantic references.
Stylistyka
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2020
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vol. 29
41-53
EN
Talking about religious genres, the author means exclusively utterances connected with the existence of communicative community of the Catholic Church in Poland. She places her considerations within the framework of genology conceived as a cognitive space spanning many disciplines. For the use of the article, she combines the research instrumentary of genology called linguistic, thus philological, with frameworks typical of theological studies. She assumes that a philologist is not capable of presenting aspects which are connected with opening of the religious genres onto the transcendent sphere. The author makes references to her own concepts of the genre model, paying attention to the fact that with reference to the religious genres these models are of the established character. They are formed as a result of establishments of relevant subjects having an influence on the shape of religious discourse. Detailed comments are related to the service as a genre-generating form (ritualized, scenarioed and composed of many genre forms which form collections and possess a complex genre identity), and also the rosary as: rosary service and rosary prayer.
11
Content available remote

Raudy – genologia i ewolucja gatunku

81%
EN
The author of the article makes an attempt to reconstruct genology of raudos pagan funeral songs, which occur within Lithuanian folklore. Raudos as lamentations belong to the oral culture. Known since pagan times, for centuries have been handed down from generation to generation. Pagan raudos were never written and knowledge about them is drawn on the basis of the few mentions in historical chronicles and documents. A few records, that are often inconsistent sources of information, became the starting point for hypothetical reflection on Lithuanian lamentations. In this text it is tried to determine the specific qualities of raudos, and also the development and evolution of internally diverse genre.
EN
Press journalism does not exist without a newspaper, but a newspaper does not consti-tute the whole press journalism. From this perspective, the issue of press genres is not important. Genology does not transcend the world of the press. However, anthropologi-cal reflection on press journalism concerns thoughts on experience, which is something more than an article in a newspaper. In anthropology, we talk about two methods of cognition – emic and etic. In my article, I consider the opportunities and limitations of this conception in relation with press journalism by substituting genology for a search of the subject’s experience.
EN
The article presents the new-founded relations between the genre of fairytale and its representations in video games. Following the concept of multimedia genres created by Edward Balcerzan, the article demonstrates a holistic view of the term “genre”. It combines it with the media theory by Krzysztof Kozłowski, which emphasizes social connotations of each medium and their ability to represent different genres. On the other hand, each and every genre can manifest itself through various media that enables mutual development. This theory finds its reflection in the analysis of the above-mentioned relations. The author applies the theoretical tools used for the analysis and interpretation of literary fairytales to video games based on the fairytale motifs. Two chosen examples, Trine  by the Frozenbyte studio and Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons  by the Starbreeze studio, represent not only a new way to fulfill the potential of the genre, but also innovative solutions in the evolution of gaming.
PL
The article presents the new-founded relations between the genre of fairytale and its representations in video games. Following the concept of multimedia genres created by Edward Balcerzan, the article demonstrates a holistic view of the term “genre”. It combines it with the media theory by Krzysztof Kozłowski, which emphasizes social connotations of each medium and their ability to represent different genres. On the other hand, each and every genre can manifest itself through various media that enables mutual development. This theory finds its reflection in the analysis of the above-mentioned relations. The author applies the theoretical tools used for the analysis and interpretation of literary fairytales to video games based on the fairytale motifs. Two chosen examples, Trine  by the Frozenbyte studio and Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons  by the Starbreeze studio, represent not only a new way to fulfill the potential of the genre, but also innovative solutions in the evolution of gaming.
EN
The aim of the article is to describe the shape of letters of dedication (epistola dedicatoria) from the generic perspective. The study is based on dedications to Marcin Czechowic’s writings. The author is found the master of the sixteenth-century prose. The analyses allowed identifying in an intensely petrified genre both conventional and innovative elements. Conventional elements indicate skillful references to a literary tradition, whereas innovative elements are a sign of creative originality. The whole of pragmatic determinants largely influenced the linguistic form of dedication. It makes Czechowic’s prologues specific author’s versions of epistola dedicatoria: a letter-preface of a mainly descriptive type; a letter-message which purpose is to build a bond in the community of worshippers and finally a letter-polemic in which an offensive tone dominates.
EN
This article is an academic review of the book by Anna Roter-Bourkane entitled Traktat i traktatowość w poematach Cypriana Norwida [Treatise and its features in poems by Cyprian Norwid] (Poznań 2014). The author of the review proves that the publication of the scholar from Poznań is an important voice in today’s intense genological research dedicated to recognising the genre-specific components that make up Norwid’s work. Attention is also drawn to the methodology used by Anna Roter-Bourkane, the contexts she describes and the ambition to define the concepts mentioned in the title of the book. At the same time, the author raises questions about the aesthetics of the treatise-typical features, which in the examined book is not clearly distinguished from the genre of treaty.
16
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Content available

Po co się pisze pastisze?

70%
PL
Artykuł jest próbą analizy przyczyn i celów pisania pastiszu. Autor zestawia teorię gatunku z własną praktyką pastiszowania. Porównanie definicji ze słowników terminów literackich angielskich, francuskich, rosyjskich i polskich oraz opracowań teoretycznoliterackich pozwala dostrzec zarówno podobieństwa, jak różnice ujęć — także związków gatunku z parodią. Wyprowadzone z tych źródeł uogólnienie pozwala sformułować własną definicję: pastisz jest interpretacją cudzego tekstu, dokonaną bez użycia metajęzyka. Jego cele mogą być różne, zarówno poważne, jak i ludyczne: 1) sposób interpretacji dzieła oryginalnego, 2) demonstracja mistrzowskiego opanowania cudzego stylu, 3) wykorzystanie wygasłej poetyki, 4) sposób przezwyciężenia wpływu innych dzieł na własne, 5) rekonstrukcja cudzego dzieła nie ukończonego lub uszkodzonego, 6) wykorzystanie cudzego stylu do wypracowania własnej poetyki autorskiej. Prócz tego istnieje kilka strategii ujawniania mistyfikacji lub jej utajania, które zostają nazwane strategiami: apokryfu, kontynuacji, hipotezy i rekonstrukcji. Na koniec pastisz zostaje uznany za sprawdzian literackości literatury.
EN
Author tries to explain what are reasons and goals of writing pastiches. He compares theory with his own practice of this form, because moreover writes pastiches himself. First he compares some definitions from English, French, Russian and Polish dictionaries of literary terms and from theoretical treatises (with the theory of parody too). Analysing their similarities and diferences he offers his own definition: pastiche is an interpretation of someone else’s creation, which is made without using metalanguage. Its goals may be serious or amusing: 1) manner of research and interpret of genuine work, 2) manner of proof of mastery of sameone else’s style, 3) to take an advantage of past poetics, 4) to overcome influence of another writer, 5) to reconstruct the genuine work which is not finished by his author or is not complete, 6) to use sameone else’s style for own goal, sometimes contradictory to original work. Except them in this article are presented some strategies to show or conceal the falsification in pastiche. There are strategies of apocryph, of continuation, of hipothesis and of reconstruction. Moreover pastiche can be used as a test of essence of literature.
EN
The article attempts to characterize the specific literary form of an extended interview. Relying on theresearch after 1945, theauthor evaluates various classification proposals and points to its crossgeneric features of non-fiction. He concentrates on the interviewee oriented character of the form and sees its potential in the broad thematic scope and the possibility to present or confront worldviews. Given the fact that the extended interview in Poland flourished in the 1990s, its heyday coincided with socio-political transformations. This success was due to the lifting of censorship and the emergence of publishing houses in the private sector. 
EN
The considerations of this article concern the role of glossaries in the texts of speculative literature. Speculative literature is defined as a super category covering all texts that do not describe reality, and are typologized within such literary genres as: fantasy, science fiction, horror. Because in contemporary communication practice, one can distinguish several ways of understanding the term glossary, this article assumes that the studied texts can be typologies as glossaries, and in speculative literature they take the new variant of the genre pattern. Hence, the tools of linguistic genology will be used for analyzes. The article describes that the examined glossaries are the closest to the model in terms of structure. In the macrostructure dimension, glosaries are a list of entries, arranged alphabetically and placed at the end of the book or in a separate volume, in the microstructure dimension, they contain different volume and graphically distinguished entry articles. The main difference is situated on the pragmatic and cognitive level, which is conditioned by the fact that, placed on the periphery of the text, they occupy a privileged area of the pragmatic dimension of the work. They fulfill both the prescriptive function typical of this type of speech, and the descriptive function resulting from modern communicative practice. Glossaries in the texts of speculative literature fulfill various roles in relation to the main text: from a dictionary defining the nominations of characters entered, toponymic names, terms, etc., to various comments explaining, for example, the nuances of the plot, the cultural or mythological perspective of the presented content. They are often constituted, in a sense, as a second narrative situated next to the main one in the main text.
PL
Rozważania w niniejszym artykule dotyczą roli glosariuszy w tekstach literatury spekulatywnej. Definiuje się ją jako superkategorię obejmującą wszystkie teksty, które nie opisują rzeczywistości i typologizowane są w obrębie takich konwencji literackich, jak: fantasy, science fiction, horror. Perspektywą dla analiz jest teza, że we współczesnej praktyce komunikacyjnej wyraźnie wyodrębnia się kilka odmiennych sposobów rozumienia pojęcia glosariusz niż w tradycyjnym ujęciu, co ma swoje odzwierciedlenie w tekstach literatury spekulatywnej. Glosariusze przyjmują tutaj postać wariantu wzorca gatunkowego, stąd do analiz wykorzystuje się narzędzia genologii lingwistycznej. Badane glosariusze najbliższe wzorcowi są w aspekcie strukturalnym. W wymiarze makrostruktury stanowią wykaz haseł ułożonych alfabetycznie i umieszczonych na końcu książki lub w osobnym woluminie, w wymiarze mikrostruktury zawierają różne objętościowo i graficznie wyróżnione artykuły hasłowe. Ich odmienność sytuuje się na poziomie pragmatycznym i poznawczym, co jest uwarunkowane tym, że umieszczone na peryferiach tekstu, zajmują uprzywilejowany obszar pragmatycznego wymiaru dzieła, czyli jego oddziaływania na czytelnika. Pełnią one zarówno typową dla tego gatunku mowy funkcję preskryptywną, jak i wynikającą ze współczesnej praktyki komunikacyjnej funkcję deskryptywną. Glosariusze w tekstach literatury spekulatywnej wobec tekstu głównego odgrywają różnorodne role: od słowniczka definiującego wprowadzane nominacje bohaterów, nazwy toponimiczne, terminy itp., po różnorodne komentarze wyjaśniające na przykład niuanse fabuły, perspektywę kulturową czy mitologiczną przedstawianych treści. Często stanowią w pewnym sensie drugą narrację obok tej zasadniczej w tekście głównym.
EN
The article concerns the press extracts printed in four chronicles of folk schools within the districts of Tczew, Starogard and Malbork. The author discusses the functions of extracts printed in the studied chronicles and carries out an ethnolinguistic analysis of the collected data. The subject matter of the chronicle articles, embracing the life of the school, the village, the commune, the nearest area, as well as the occurrences in Poland and in the world, enables to reconstruct the part of the depiction of the world seen from two perspectives – of the journalist, creator of the printed press article, and of the chronicle’s author.
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę wycinków prasowych zamieszczonych w czterech kronikach szkół wiejskich powiatów tczewskiego, starogardzkiego i malborskiego. Autorka omawia funkcje wycinków zamieszczanych w badanych kronikach oraz przeprowadza etnolingwistyczną analizę zebranego materiału. Tematyka zamieszczanych w kronikach prasowych wypowiedzi (obejmująca życie szkoły, wsi, gminy, najbliższego regionu, ale też i wydarzenia o randze ogólnopolskiej i niekiedy światowej) pozwala odtworzyć fragment obrazu świata widziany z dwu perspektyw: dziennikarza, twórcy wklejonej wypowiedzi prasowej oraz autora kroniki.
EN
The article focuses on the microanalysis of one of Aleksander Wat’s handwritten “pain notes” (dated December 8, Wat’s archive at the Beinecke Library). I discuss the note’s genological classification, which – due to fragmentation, randomness, and the very nature of the diary entry (and at the same the fact that it eludes this classification) – may not really be considered part of a larger whole. The “non-belonging” of the note and other similar notes seems to influence their poetics. Drawing on the findings of post-structural genology and the theory of fuzzy sets, I propose to see the note as a fuzzy genre that exists in many genological contexts at the same time and also gives rise its own “singular” form. Inspired by Jean-Luc Nancy’s reflections on corporeality and Adam Dziadek’s somatic criticism, I define the note as an “engram of the body.” I analyze an isolated “pain note” as an example and consider the possibility of using this category both in the context of reconstructing the genetics of the text and performing an exemplary rhythmic analysis of prose.
PL
Artykuł skupia się na mikroanalizie jednej z rękopiśmiennych „notek bólowych” Aleksandra Wata (datowanej na 8 grudnia, zachowanej w archiwum pisarza w Beinecke Library). Rozważam zarówno kwestię jej genologicznego przyporządkowania, które – ze względu na fragmentaryczność, wyrywkowość, dziennikowość zapisu (a jednocześnie umieszczenie jej poza ustabilizowaną formą dziennika) – nie zmierza do włączenia jej w żadną większą całość. „Nieprzynależność” notki i innych analogicznych zapisów zdaje się kształtować ich swoistą poetykę. Posiłkując się rozpoznaniami poststrukturalnej genologii i teorią zbiorów rozmytych, proponuję uznać notkę za swoisty gatunek dryfujący, który istnieje w wielu kontekstach genologicznych jednocześnie, tworząc także własną, „pojedynczą” formę. Zainspirowana rozważaniami o cielesności Jean-Luca Nancy’ego oraz krytyką somatyczną Adama Dziadka, chciałabym określić ją mianem „engramu ciała”. Na przykładzie wyizolowanej „notki bólowej” zastanawiam się zatem nad możliwością użycia tej kategorii w kontekście zarówno rekonstruowania genetyki tekstu, jak i dokonywania przykładowej rytmoanalizy prozy.
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