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EN
Today, corporations play an important role in the global, national and local economy. Regardless of the business profile, degree of internationalisation or size, they participate in numerous economic processes, which is why they are the subject of research in geography of industry, especially in geography of enterprises. The main goal of the article is to review research related to corporations in Polish literature on the subject in the field of geography of industry. The author also aims at organising the concept of corporations, presenting closer their classifications, as well as indicating the place of research on corporations in geography. The preparation of the article began with a literature query, as well as an analysis of the existing data (desk research). As a result, the analysis of the concept of a corporation, various types of classifications and divisions of corporations, as well as a literature review of the subject in terms of the corporation’s research issues were made. As the research carried out indicates, in Polish literature on the issues of geography of industry, the researchers who concentrate on corporations look at the concentration of their head offices, theory and location factors, shaping processes and location of production, service and various branches, network connections, strategies implemented by corporations and their organisational forms, processes of corporation influence on international conditions for the development of domestic and regional systems and industrial enterprises, stimulation of inflow of foreign direct investment, the influence of corporations on the shaping of various industrial sectors, export relations, the role of cities in globalisation processes and the location of the corporation and their effects, as well as on corporate CSR activities.
EN
The article aims to present data resources for the needs of research in geography of industry in Poland. These sources can be independently obtained primary sources or secondary sources. Primary data have a unique value. They are collected for a specific purpose to solve a specific problem. They usually allow for a detailed description of the theme under investigation. As they are obtained directly from the surveyed entities during statistical research, they show timeliness and originality. In the research in geography of industry, primary data sources are used relatively rarely. It is mainly due to the time-consuming and costly nature of this type of research and the increasing difficulties in obtaining consent for research from respondents. Therefore, secondary data, which are the results of previous research, primarily by Statistics Poland, are especially popular. Statistics Poland, deals with issues useful from the point of view of the research in geography of industry, both in the form of surveys of the official statistics and as part of experimental studies. The article describes research carried out by Statistics Poland, which provides essential information about the industry and its location. Administrative data sources which may be helpful in this regard have also been mentioned. Public statistics has access to many of them. The area of interest of official statistics regarding data on industrial activities also refers to the data on the labour areas, which were created using the European version of the TTWA algorithm. The argument presented in this article proves that public statistics investigates a broad spectrum of phenomena related to industrial activities, and the results of these studies are and may be widely used by researchers in geography of industry.
PL
Aspekty ekologiczne są stałym elementem rozważań i działań praktycznych podczas planowania i realizacji głównych dróg krajowych w Polsce. Te zmiany proekologiczne w budownictwie drogowym mają wieloaspektowy charakter, co możemy obserwować na licznych przykładach udanych i mniej udanych realizacji nowych odcinków dróg krajowych. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie, w jaki sposób zaznacza się wpływ zagadnień ekologicznych na rozbudowę sieci głównych dróg w Polsce i jakie są tego skutki. Czynniki ekologiczne wpływają przede wszystkim na projektowanie dróg szybkiego ruchu (DSR), albo szerzej, na przygotowanie takich inwestycji do realizacji. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza następujących aspektów: proekologicznego trasowania nowych dróg, budowy przejść dla zwierząt czy ekranów akustycznych. W rzeczywistości dotykają wszystkich aspektów projektowania drogowego, w tym wszystkich branż, ale w każdej branży wpływ jest inny i ma mniejsze albo większe znaczenie. W zakresie sposobu realizacji wielkich inwestycji drogowych wpływ czynników ekologicznych jest mniejszy niż w projektowaniu, ale również się ujawnia, przede wszystkim przez drobiazgowe niekiedy zapisy w decyzjach o środowiskowych uwarunkowaniach. Z przeglądu ekologicznych aspektów budowy autostrad i dróg ekspresowych wynika, że uwzględnienie ekologicznych wymagań, zawartych zwykle w decyzjach środowiskowych, powoduje znaczący wzrost kosztów realizacji sieci DSR. Koszt ten oszacowano na kwotę ok. 26,0 mld zł, co stanowi ok. 14% całkowitego kosztu budowy przesądzonej obecnie sieci DSR. Wśród tych kosztów, największe są związane z budową przejść dla zwierząt, oszacowane na ok. 18,4 mld zł (10%), w tym budowa samych przejść 14,5 mld zł oraz koszty podniesienia niwelety jezdni głównych ok. 3,9 mld zł. Drugą, znaczącą grupę kosztów ekologicznych, stanowią koszty związane z proekologicznym wydłużeniem tras drogowych, które oszacowano na 7,6 mld zł (4%). Dążąc do ograniczenia tych gigantycznych kosztów zaproponowano zmniejszenie zagęszczenia (czyli zwiększenie rozstawu) projektowanych przejść dla zwierząt w poprzek DSR, co zmniejszyłoby koszty budowy tych obiektów z 18,4 mld zł do ok. 2,8 mld zł bez istotnej zmiany oddziaływań DSR na migrujące zwierzęta. Wtedy największy koszt ekologiczny budowy DSR wiązałby się z wydłużeniem ich tras, a tu można jedynie zalecać inwestorom drogowym, aby nie zgłaszali do procedur środowiskowych takich propozycji wariantów przebiegu drogi, które będą powodować znaczące wydłużenie trasy, przekraczające np. 15% w stosunku do linii prostej (powietrznej).
EN
The article provides an analysis of the distribution of industrial areas in Poland and an assessment of their diversification in terms of geometric features. The authors calculated, for instance, the surface and number of industrial areas in individual regions and cadastral units, their share in individual cadastral units, the average surface according to cadastral units, indexes of parcel shape differentiation and density. The data referring to the areas’ geometrical features at the national level was compared with that of Mazovia. Data on industrial areas in Poland was acquired from the Database of Topological Objects (BDOT) obtained from the Geodesic and Cartographic Documentation Centre in Warsaw. Layers with parcels were taken, in turn, from the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS). Industrial areas in Poland were created in various circumstances and periods. They are also diversified in terms of their range, development, activity type and relations with the economic surroundings. From the spatial perspective, the conducted research shows that the distribution of areas connected with industrial activity in Poland is characterized by considerable differentiation. The markedly largest surface of industrial areas can be found in the regions of Silesia, Mazovia and Greater Poland. The average surface of an industrial area is largest in the Upper Silesia agglomeration, the Mazovia region and the Zachodniopomorskie region. There is also a distinct difference between western and eastern Poland. In the western part of the country areas where industrial activity is conducted are appreciably bigger. The number of industrial areas is the highest in particular in the municipalities of the Silesian, Mazovian and Greater Poland regions. Differences were also identified when comparing data concerning industrial areas in Poland as a whole with data from Mazovia. The average surface of industrial areas turned out to be slightly higher in Mazovia, where it is approx. 0.9 ha, while the average number of industrial areas in the region is lower than the national average. These values are also reflected in the average value of the indicator of parcel shape differentiation which is almost two times lower in the analyzed region. On the other hand, there is little difference in terms of the average share of industrial areas and the average indicator of parcel shape density.
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