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Beyond the late medieval economy of salvation: the material running of the Transylvanian mendicant convents

100%
Florea C.
Hereditas Monasteriorium
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2013
|
vol. 3
97-110
EN
The study aims at discussing the modalities with which the material running of the mendicant friaries of late medieval Transylvania was integrated into urban economic life. In the last centuries of the Middle Ages, the friars started to play an increasingly important role in the economy of salvation, a situation which often led to conflicts that occurred between the mendicants and the parish church. The main Transylvanian urban centers were largely monoparochial in the timeframe between the thirteenth and the sixteenth centuries and their religious life was cemented by the collaboration between the parish and the city councils. Whilst the urban leadership managed to take in firm hands the administration of the parochial patrimony, it would be worth investigating to what extent such a development could be identified in the case of the mendicant friaries. The analysis of the most important Dominican houses in Transylvania allowed for identification of the attempts made by the urban magistrate in order to control the friaries’ incomes resulted from donations and testamentary clauses, as well as to employ the friars in various activities related to urban economy.
2
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Les chartes de fondation des couvents mendiants en Hongroi médiévale

100%
Kiss G.
Hereditas Monasteriorium
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2013
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vol. 3
67-76
EN
It is very difficult to give a precise number of charters of foundation and charters with endowment clauses or to offer an exhaustive list of charters of donation. In the first part of the paper I present how and in which forms the primary sources concerning the mendicant orders were preserved. Some orders were particularly lucky to have their own archives, others were not, their charters were dispersed among several different –mainly familiar– archives both in Hungary and all over the world. In the second part I analyse the different forms of charters, e. g. charters of foundation and charters of donation. By thematisng them I try to define the main forms of donation (lands, buildings, rents, peages, immunities, precious objects, etc.) including another special feature, the distinction between the direct and indirect donations.
3
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Conclusion

100%
De Cevins M.-M.
Hereditas Monasteriorium
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2013
|
vol. 3
135-140
EN
The above papers show the main aspects of the textual sources about the material running of the mendicant friaries in Central Europe between the 1220’s and the 1550’s. First, much more documents did survive in this area than one could expect at first glance – especially from the mid-fifteenth century onwards. Moreover they belong to a wide variety of texts (endowment charters, accounts, records, last wills, obituaries...). Most of them are located in the Polish lands and come from the Dominicans. A large number were produced upon instruction from urban authorities. The planned programme (MARGEC) promises indeed to be fruitful.
4
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Introduction

88%
Viallet L.
Hereditas Monasteriorium
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2013
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vol. 3
19-26
EN
This introduction begins by underlining the necessity of placing the economic practices of the friars at the heart of the studies on the mendicant life (we choose to speak about a real « anthropological object », in particular for Franciscans) while being wary of schematic conceptions, categories and even expressions (such as « economy of the Sacred »). To have a clearer and more global vision of sources, one of the objectives of MARGEC is to offer a long-lasting tool for the scientific community. The workshop allowed to discuss the structure of the inventory of sources, which can be built according to two entries : by types of documents or by types of income. It was decided to combine both approaches, in order to neglect none of the three sectors of the material running of mendicant friaries (income, modalities of management, expenses), as we underline it briefly for the question of the reformatio – both «correlative» and essential in the perspective which is ours.
5
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Economy-related written sources of the Franciscans (and partially of the Poor Clares’) in Bohemia and Moravia, ca. 1230 – ca. 1450

88%
Felskau C.-F.
Hereditas Monasteriorium
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2013
|
vol. 3
27-54
EN
The article examines the surviving written sources of economic content or relevance related to the Medieval Friars Minors on the territory of present day Czech Republic, which covers the core lands of the Bohemian crown in the Middle Ages, i.e. Bohemia and Moravia. Starting with the Order’s initions and its idealistic attitude towards poverty and the refusal of material goods, it gives then an overview of the most fundamental internal regulations and external, merely Papal decisions on the treatment of money, land and goods as means of ensuring the economic survival and success of the Europewide proliferated Order. The following section provides a brief review of the historiography dealing with the economic practice of the friars, preceeded by a summary of their provincial organization and distribution of settlements. This is followed by a methodological discussion of the relationship between activies of economic relevance, their categorization in terms of economic weight as well as content and the chance of their tradition. Then, the author discusses the most important sources and source collections (published or not) which attribute significantly to the investigation of the Friar’s economic activies; this part of the study aims to provide the basis for an inventory of sources still to come. In the last paragraph, some of the most meaningfull sources, namely the urban books of Brno, the charter book of the Order’s double monastery of Cheb/Eger, and the scattered documentation on the Prague double monastery are presented in order to exemplify goals and limits of present and future examination and pathes of interpretation; these examples demonstrate the wide range of investigation, oscillating between a one-dimensional evaluation of a specific type of source and the bundling of multiple evidences taken from a broad variety of sources, each of them characterized by its own validity; taking the relatively poor tradition of many Franciscan houses into account, the article finally intends argues to adopt an laborious inter-textual approach for gaining at least to some extend a ‘holistic’ picture where researchers have to deal with a lack of a premium source traditions and, otherwise, to integrate the analysis of surviving serial sources into a wider frame of inter-institutional comparisons in order to assess the relative weight of specific economic transcations of one individual Franciscan house.
6
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Poverty or not? Economic aspects of the mendicant friaries in medieval Transylvania

75%
Lupescu Makó M.
Hereditas Monasteriorium
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2013
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vol. 3
111-133
EN
Research on the economic activity of the mendicant orders started to become popular with historians studying monastic life in the Middle Ages only in last decades, thus there is little bibliography on the topic. However the fact that there were and are running vast methodological attempts for research such as the MARGEC project, which go past the factual exchange of information and suggest viable methods to reveal the details regarding the economic activity of the mendicant orders of Central Europe in the Middle Ages should be considered an important step. Thus, it is the aim of this paper to continue to enrich the situation of the mentioned research tendency in a small way by examining the gifts of the wills and donations made to the mendicant friaries of Transylvania and to contribute to a broader and more complex understanding of the relationship between the Transylvanian mendicant orders and different economic activities in the medieval period. Giving a general outline of Transylvanian mendicant monasticism in the Middle Ages with its specifically Hungarian characteristics, we analyze the three most frequent types of real estate donations given to these religious institutions of Transylvania. It is clear that the results of the analysis of the given immovable properties to the friaries can be used not only for a better knowledge of the material culture of these religious institutions or for the donation and testamentary practice of the time, but they also can help us to chart the goods of the friaries. Having this data we can make further analysis regarding the economic situation of the friaries, what kind of property each friary had and how they could manage these goods in order to have a prosperous life.
7
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Les sources comptables, documents de gestion et d’administration des couvents mendiants en Hongrie médiévale

75%
Romhányi B. F.
Hereditas Monasteriorium
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2013
|
vol. 3
77-96
EN
The account books in general offer the best possibility to analyze the management and the everyday life of the friaries. However, there are but a few surviving in medieval Hungary and even these are fragmentary. Their common feature is that they were not prepared for the internal use of the convents but for the patron, i.e. for the town and for its council. This fact influenced the content, too, revealing a special aspect of the relation between the convent and the community that had the patronage rights. Beside the account books of franciscains friary of Sopron which are the best known sources of this type, there are some fragments of the Carmelite friary of Eperjes (Prešov), of the Austin Hermits of Bártfa (Bartfeld, Bardejov) and of the Dominican convent of Selmecbánya (Schemnitz, Banská Štiavnica). The picture gained from these fragmentary sources is very incomplete. Nevertheless, a certain number of characteristics could be detected through their analysis: the separation of the management of the community from that of the church, the secondary importance of the landed estates and of other properties compared to different forms of alms, as well as the changing role of the procuratores and of the friars by the end of the Middle Ages (late 15th – early 16th century). The account books of Sopron – being the most detailed documents – reflect a considerable flexibility in the economic life of the convent, as well as the prudent administration. In Sopron both the main expenses and incomes were connected to the production, especially to the wine production. Despite some common features there was no uniform economic model at the mendicant orders in this period. Presumably, there was a certain difference between the management of the Transdanubian and north-Hungarian convents and the Transsylvanian friaries, respectively, which is reflected in the absence of account books among the sources connected to latter group of mendicant institutions.
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