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Controversies Concerning the Interpretation of State Resources as a Prerequisite of State Aid: an Illustration Using the Example of Polish Green Certificates and the Auction System

100%
Bałdowski M.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
|
2017
|
vol. 7
269-282
EN
The process of Europeanisation in the legal field results in various conflicts between the Member States and European authorities. Cases concerning State aid are an example of such a conflict, where on one hand Member States want to preserve control over various supporting schemes and on the other the European Commission and the Court of Justice of the European Union through a set of judgements and decisions increase their supervisory power over the supporting schemes. The European jurisprudence tend to stretch the scope of State aid by expanding the definition of State resources, which is one of its prerequisites. Applying of such a broad definition of State resources to Polish green certificates scheme and the auction scheme shows negative results of this approach that not only decreases the efficiency of the Renewable Energy Sources supporting schemes but that has a negative reflection on the whole State aid system.
2
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Incentives to promote the development of renewable energy in Poland

86%
Ptak M., Cibulskiene D., Paradowska M., Platje J. J.
Economic and Environmental Studies
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2014
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vol. 14
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issue 4(32)
427-439
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyse the support scheme to promote electricity from renewable sources in Poland. The first part of the paper presents advantages and disadvantages of different instruments which can be used to promote investments in renewable energy projects. These include feed-in tariffs, fixed premiums, green certificates and tender systems. The second part includes an analysis of the instruments used in Poland to support renewable energy. Attention is also paid to the new support scheme included in the draft of the act on Renewable Energy Sources.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza funkcjonującego w Polsce systemu wspierania wytwarzania energii elektrycznej w odnawialnych źródłach. W pierwszej części opracowania omówione zostały zalety i wady różnych instrumentów zachęcających do rozwoju energetyki odnawialnej, takich jak taryfy i dopłaty gwarantowane, zielone certyfikaty oraz systemy aukcyjne. Druga część artykułu zawiera analizę instrumentów stosowanych obecnie w Polsce. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na propozycję zmian tych instrumentów zawartą w projekcie ustawy o odnawialnych źródłach energii.
3

Factors of impact on the evolution of electricity markets from renewable energy sources: a comparison between Romania and Germany

86%
Clodnițchi R., Chinie A. C.
Management & Marketing
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2015
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vol. 10
|
issue 1
34-52
EN
When talking about the future of Europe we also think about alternative energy sources. It is up to national governments to decide how to encourage investments in this field in order to contribute to the 20-20-20 EU-objective. Until the network delivery cost for electricity produced from renewable sources will be comparable to the cost for energy from traditional sources ("grid parity"), the development of businesses and markets for electricity from renewable sources is going to be driven by support schemes. The state of the grids and the facility of grid-access constitute another two key factors influencing the development of this sector. Last but not least, the question of policy consistency is raised within the business community. Over the past years some support schemes have proved to be more effective than others, and grid conditions have also evolved. Policies supporting the development of renewables also changed at EU-level and at national levels. Based on statistics, scientific literature and the feedback of the business community, this study aims to analyse the development of renewable energy sectors in the European Union by comparing Germany’s and Romania’s experience. Also this study describes the current and expected future market situation in these countries relying on data gained from questionnaires and interviews with specialists in the renewable field.
4

Główne przyczyny braku efektywności rynku praw majątkowych do świadectw pochodzenia energii ze źródeł odnawialnych

72%
Borys G.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
|
2015
|
issue 1(937)
27-38
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza przejawów braku efektywności rynku praw majątkowych do świadectw pochodzenia energii ze źródeł odnawialnych w świetle zapisów prawa energetycznego. Rynek praw majątkowych jest rynkiem dedykowanym wytwórcom energii elektrycznej posiadającym koncesję na wytwarzanie energii w źródle odnawialnym, przy czym źródło to powinno być przyłączone do krajowej sieci elektroenergetycznej. Podstawową funkcją tego rynku jest mobilizacja środków subwencyjnych na poziomie, który rekompensowałby wskazanym wytwórcom pokrycie zwiększonych, w porównaniu z wytwórcami energii ze źródeł konwencjonalnych, kosztów produkcji. Doświadczenia praktyczne dowodzą, że funkcja ta nie jest spełniana. Za podstawowe przyczyny tego stanu uznano m.in. brak płynności rynku, jego niską transparentność oraz brak konkurencyjności w dostępie do środków subwencyjnych wytwórców wykorzystujących różne technologie wytwórcze i dysponujących urządzeniami o zróżnicowanym stopniu umorzenia.
EN
The article focuses on an analysis of the absence of property rights market efficiency to energy origin certificates from renewable sources in the light of energy law provisions. The market of property rights is a market for electricity manufacturers licenced to produce energy from a renewable source, though such sources should be connected to the national electricity grid. The basic function of this market is to mobilise subsidies for such means of energy at a level which could compensate the coverage of the increased manufacturing costs compared to that of energy manufactured from conventional sources. Practical experience proves that this function is not met. The basic reasons underlying this include the absence of market liquidity, the market’s low transparency and the absence of competition in gaining access to subsidies by the producers taking advantage of different manufacturing technologies and having, at their disposal, equipment characterised by diverse levels of depreciation.
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