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EN
The aim of this article is to present political attitudes of polish landowners during the years of World War the First. Before the beginning of a war polish society which lost independent existence more than one century ago were divided into two major political orientations. The supporters of the first option expected that the polish question would be resolved in the future by Russia. In the same time representatives of the second party combined their hopes with German monarchies. At the turn of twentieth century Józef Piłsudski – one of the leaders of Polish Socialists Party – started to develop unofficial military movement with the aim of recapturing independent state. In the years 1914–1918 the members of this organization took part in the military struggles on the area of Kielce and Radom Governorate. The Józef Piłsudski’s insurgents made efforts to establish contact with local landowners in order to receive both material and financial support. This turned out to be very difficult because polish landowners were afraid of the repression used by Russian army as a violent kind of punishment for showing sympathy to insurgents.
EN
The article aims to present everyday life in the Olkusz poviat at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, especially in terms of relations between the Poles and Russians. In these times, Olkusz belonged to the Kielce Governorate of the Kingdom of Poland, and was one of the most western regions in the vast Russian Empire. Due to its location, relations in the city were influenced not only by Poles' national liberation views, but also by arranging their lives on the border, where, for example, smuggling was an everyday issue. The article, however, particularly analyzed the russification of Poles at that time, thanks to excerpts from unpublished diaries, but also important and interesting social relations between Poles and Russians.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie życia codziennego w powiecie olkuskim na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, zwłaszcza w aspekcie relacji między Polakami a Rosjanami. W omawianym okresie Olkusz należał do guberni kieleckiej Królestwa Polskiego i był jednym z najbardziej wysuniętych na zachód regionów rozległego Imperium Rosyjskiego. Ze względu na położenie, na stosunki w mieście wpływ miały nie tylko poglądy narodowowyzwoleńcze Polaków, ale także ich życie na obszarze granicznym, gdzie przemyt był na porządku dziennym. W artykule autor pragnął szczególnie przeanalizować postępującą rusyfikację, dzięki fragmentom niepublikowanych pamiętników, ale także ważne i złożone relacje społeczne między Polakami i Rosjanami. Autor wykorzystał przede wszystkim fragmenty nieopublikowanego do tej pory pamiętnika autorstwa Franciszka Żulichowskiego Historia jednego życia
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