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PL
Celem artykułu jest porównanie kontroli i przeszukania1, dwóch procedur stosowanych przez Prezesa UOKiK w celu pozyskiwania dowodów dopuszczenia się praktyk ograniczających konkurencję. Publikacja nie tyle zawiera wyczerpującą charakterystykę tych dwóch instytucji, ile ukazuje je z punktu widzenia istotnych podobieństw i różnic. Analiza ograniczona jest do spraw z zakresu ochrony konkurencji, gdzie omawiane narzędzia odgrywają nieporównywalnie większą rolę niż w sprawach konsumenckich, w których ich zastosowanie jest sporadyczne.
EN
The author discusses the legal basis, the cope of application, the content and the concurrence of procedural guarantees in the event of an expulsion of an alien under the European Convention. These guarantees stem from Article 1 of Protocol No. 7, Article 4 of Protocol No. 4, Articles 13 and 34 of the Convention as well as from the concepts of positive obligations and tests of legality and necessity, developed in the case law of the Strasbourg Court. Guarantees under Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 and Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 are the only ones that are applicable regardless of whether an expulsion results in the violation of an alien’s rights or the limitation of the freedoms arising from the Convention. Moreover, they do not apply to extradition proceedings, whereas the other guarantees do. However, in the context of the guarantees resulting from Article 13 of the Convention and the concepts of positive obligations as well as the tests of legality and necessity, a common standard of procedural requirements in an event of an expulsion of an alien seems to have emerged. It includes the alien’s right to information on the specifi c reasons for expulsion; available remedies and a possibility of obtaining legal assistance; the right to submit arguments against expulsion; the right to be represented; the right to have the case reviewed; the right to an independent and impartial authority competent to decide in the case. In the event where an expulsion puts an alien in danger of irreversible damage to his/her rights, the person concerned should have, in addition, access to a remedy with automatic suspensive eff ect. This standard is also quite common to guarantees stemming from Articles 1 of Protocol No. 7 and Article 4 of Protocol No. 4. However, since “competent authority” under Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 need not be the authority with whom the fi nal decision on expulsion rests and because it is possible to expel an alien before the exercise of his/her rights under this Article, the author is of the opinion that the latter should apply only to expulsions that do not threaten conventional rights.
EN
This article provides an overview of the prohibition against arbitrary expulsion of aliens under Article 1 of the Protocol No. 7 to the ECHR and its implementation in Polish law and practice. The provision discussed in the article provides an alien with procedural guarantees against arbitrary expulsion. It should be noted that the analysed regulation stipulates that an alien who is lawfully in the territory of a State may be expelled only in pursuance of a decision reached by a competent authority in accordance with domestic law. The independent courts must be able to react in cases where a Polish authority invokes a threat that an alien poses to national security with no reasonable basis in fact or reveals an arbitrary interpretation of national security. The argument that a lawful alien poses a serious threat to national security or public order as a reason to expel him/her cannot be based on vague; unproven and anonymous allegations or unspecified information contained in a secret internal document.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie zakazu arbitralnego wydalania cudzoziemców w świetle art. 1 Protokołu nr 7 do EKPC i jego realizacji w polskim prawie i praktyce. Omawiany przepis zapewnienia cudzoziemcowi szeregu gwarancji proceduralnych przed arbitralnym wydaleniem. Stanowi on również, że cudzoziemiec legalnie przebywający na terytorium państwa może być z niego wydalony jedynie w wyniku decyzji podjętej zgodnie z prawem, co oznacza, że prawo krajowe powinno określać organ właściwy w sprawach wydalania cudzoziemców oraz zasady i tryb postepowania w tych sprawach. Stwierdzenie przez organ administracyjny, że cudzoziemiec jest niepożądany na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z uwagi na konieczność ochrony bezpieczeństwa państwa i porządku publicznego, musi być poparte przeprowadzeniem stosowanego rozumowania i wskazywać na fakty, które przesądzają o istniejącym, rzeczywistym zagrożeniu z jego strony.
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