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EN
Fragile states have several key characteristics: (1) uncertain control of territory and/or not having full control of legitimate use of force; (2) decline in legitimacy of collective and authoritative government decisions; (3) difficulties with providing public goods and services; (4) problems with interacting with other states as a member of the larger international community. Data on The Fund for Peace’s Fragile State Index from 2016 are used to measure the dependent variable. The independent variables of interest are health and nutrition, to determine if these factors-as influences on citizens’ behavior-would have anything to do with fragility. This paper, then, explores the role of two biosocial variables in affecting degree of fragility. Results are discussed as well as implications.
EN
Background. Suboptimal health status (SHS) is recognised as a subclinical, reversible stage of a chronic disease. Previous studies have proposed that SHS may be related to poor lifestyle factors, as well as work-related and study-related stress. Objectives. The present study was designed to assess the relationship between health status, general distress and job-related risk factors. Material and methods. A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 606 current workers in Klaipeda, Lithuania, who had no history of clinically diagnosed disease. The SHS score was derived from SHSQ-25; the General Symptom Distress Scale (GSDS ) was used for distress evaluation. Results. 90% (547) of respondents revealed an optimal health level. The main domains of SHS status were fatigue and mental status. SHS was related to cardiovascular, digestive and musculoskeletal symptoms, as well as to frequent infections and allergy. SHS was more prevalent in women. The overall health status depends on the following job-related risk factors: the professional potential to grow, rest, deadlines, competition, work experience, income, etc. Conclusions. Health status was related to distress and mainly manifested itself through fatigue, anxiety and sleep disturbances. Resting hours, professional potential to grow, risk in another person’s life and work in public have a significant influence on SHS
Oeconomia Copernicana
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2016
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vol. 7
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issue 2
169-185
EN
The role of the public and private sector in health care systems remains one of the crucial problems of these systems' operation. The purpose of this research is to identify the relationships between the performance of health systems in CEE and CIS (Central and Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent State) countries, and the mix of public-private sector in the health care of these countries. The study uses a zero unitarization method to construct three measures of health system performance in the following areas: (1) resources; (2) services; and (3) health status. The values of these measures are correlated with the share of public financing that represents the public-private mix in the health systems. The data used is from World Health Organization’s Health for All Database for 23 CEE and CIS countries and comprises the year 2010. The results show that the performance of health systems in the countries investigated is positively associated with a higher proportion of public financing. The strongest relationship links public financing with performance in the area of services production. For policy makers, these results imply that health systems in post-communist transition economies could be susceptible to a decreasing role of the state and that growing reliance on the market mechanism in health care can deteriorate the operation of these systems.
EN
The article focuses on the impact of both individual and institutional factors (in that of the socio-economic status) on health prophylaxis and health care usage in the selected European countries. It is an empirical literature review based on SHARE data for people aged 50+.
PL
Artykuł omawia wpływ czynników indywidualnych (w tym statusu społeczno-ekonomiczny) i instytucjonalnych na profilaktykę zdrowotną oraz korzystanie ze świadczeń zdrowotnych w systemach ochrony zdrowia w wybranych krajach europejskich. Jest to przegląd badań empirycznych opartych na danych badania SHARE dla osób w wieku 50 i więcej lat.
EN
Background In Poland average life expectancy extends, while the number of the elderly who are active in the labor market decreases. Material and Methods The study population consisted of 429 people aged 50–70 years old living in the community of south-eastern Poland. The respondents were divided into 2 study groups: group I – late middle age (50–60 years old) and group II – early old age (61–70 years old). With the use of questionnaires they were given, we obtained their socio-demographic data, assessed their cognitive and emotional state, as their physical activity levels. We used the Tinetti test to assess their gait and balance. Results We did not find statistically significant difference in cognitive functioning between the studied groups (p = 0.109). Moreover, there was no significant relationship between belonging to an age group and suffering from depression (p = 0.06) as well as no major differences were observed in the general level of physical activity in relation to age (p = 0.112). Our study found that most of our subjects, regardless of gender, declared their willingness to continue professional work after reaching retirement age. Conclusions The results of own research did not show significant differences in psychophysical state between people in late middle age and at the beginning of old age. Most of the researched participants declared their willingness to continue professional work. Due to changing demographic conditions, it is becoming an important issue to maintain the highest possible level of professional activity of older people in the labor market in Poland. Med Pr 2018;69(4):375–381
EN
Background The aim of this study was to highlight major predictors of the frequency of sickness absence in a group of workers directly involved in customer service. Material and Methods The study was carried out on a random sample of 229 women employed as assistants and clerks in post offices. The survey was based on the Subjective Work, Health Status and Life Style Characteristics Questionnaire, and sickness absence data for the years 2004–2006. Results The negative binominal regression model of sickness absence risk revealed the following significant predictors of short-term absence spells (1–29 days): 1) marital status, sickness absence risk for single women was (rate ratio (RR)) = 1.56 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–2.39) vs. married women; 2) post offices employing 7 workers had a rate ratio of sickness absence of 1.6 (95% CI: 1.04–2.42); 13–25 workers – RR = 2.03 (95% CI: 1.41–2.93); > 25 workers – RR = 1.82 (95% CI: 1.15–2.88) compared with an average number of 8–12 workers; 3) shift work, RR = 1.57 (95% CI: 1.14–2.14); 4) breaks from work – the risk of absence in the case of any breaks amounted to RR = 1.5 (95% CI: 1.07–2.07) in comparison with the statutory breaks; 5) self-rated health reported as moderate relative to good health, RR = 1.71 (95% CI: 1.26–2.32); and 6) occurrence of respiratory diseases resulted in the risk of RR = 1.51 (95% CI: 1.08–2.08). The Poisson regression model of long-term sickness absence spells (≥ 30 days) revealed the following significant predictors: 1) number of clients per shift: 51–100 clients, RR = 3.62 (95% CI: 1.07–22.6) compared with a lower number of clients; 2) self-rated health, assessed as moderate, RR = 1.97 (95% CI: 1.06–3.78) and 3) household chores performed for at least 4 h a day, RR = 0.4 (95% CI: 0.18–0.79). Conclusions Association between sickness absence and workload as well as work organization indicates directions of corrective actions, which could reduce the scale of the problem.
EN
Objectives Fatigue can be the result of overexertion and overload. It occurs when the burdened body does not have enough time for regeneration and biological renewal. The aim of this study was analysis of fatigue based on the subjective feeling in physiotherapists, nurses, and paramedics. Material and Methods The research covered 193 women and 107 men aged 30–60 years, including 100 physiotherapists, 100 nurses and 100 paramedics with higher education, employed in clinics and hospitals in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Poland. The research tool of choice was 30-item Research Committee on Industrial Fatigue Fatigue Scale, adapted into the Polish language by Paluch. The data were analyzed based on ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman’s rank correlation. Results Values determining frequency of decrease in activity were higher in nurses than in physiotherapists (p < 0.001) and paramedics (p = 0.005). Physiotherapists and nurses showed statistically significant positive associations of all fatigue indices with age and seniority. Sex-related differences in the frequency of physical fatigue symptoms have been noted (p = 0.044). Among people working in outpatient clinics and hospitals there were statistically significant differences in the frequency of decrease in activity (p = 0.001) and general level of fatigue (p = 0.031). Conclusions In nurses and physiotherapists, the frequency of experiencing ailments increases with age and work experience. This suggests that in the case of these professions it is important to quick identification of signs of fatigue and taking actions to prevent its worsening. Women experience fatigue more often, so they especially need to take steps to prevent and, if necessary, treat this condition. Hospitals should be an area of special involvement in the process of implementing programs to counteract fatigue of employees in the medical services sector.
EN
The article is devoted to recognition of social inequalities in health status in Poland in 1998 and 2004 based on statistical analysis of survey data collected by the Central Statistical Office (GUS). Social inequalities in health are discussed in the framework of theoretical approaches explaining health variations. Social gradient is measured by the level of education. The analysis shows that educational inequalities in health are not only existing, but persistent and – as in other developed countries – tend to increase over time even though the overall health status of the population has been improving. Poor health can be attributed to poverty, involvement in unhealthy behavior (especially smoking) and insufficient social networking resulting in poor social support.
EN
Viticulture in Poland has been developing in recent years, and the list of dessert varieties available for cultivation is expanding. However, not all genotypes perform equally well in cultivation in the cool climate of Poland. Both producers and gardeners are looking for proven information about varieties and the possibility of their growing in specific environmental conditions with the best possible effect. To meet these expectations, in the vineyard established in the Experimental Orchard in Dąbrowice (The National Institute of Horticultural Research in Skierniewice), winter hardiness, frost resistance, susceptibility to spring frost and health status of 15 table grape genotypes in the soil and climate conditions of central Poland were assessed. Detailed observations were made in 2019-2021 on plants planted in 2004. It was found that the most winter-hardy and frost-resistant genotypes were 'Alwood', 'New York Muscat', 'Boskoop Glory', 'Einset', and 'Reliance', which are hybrids of Vitis vinifera with Vitis labrusca. The least resistant to low winter temperatures were the cultivars ' Frumoasa Albae', 'Muskat Letni' and 'Palatina' created in the multi-stage interspecific cross-breeding. Genotypes with a high content of Vitis amurensis genes, such as 'Agat Doński' and 'Kristaly', were most often damaged by spring frosts, but they had high regenerative abilities. ‘Swenson Red’ was most susceptible to downy mildew and powdery mildew, while ‘Reliance’ and ‘Einset’ were most susceptible to gray mold.
PL
Uprawa winorośli w Polsce w ostatnich latach zyskuje na znaczeniu, a asortyment dostępnych na rynku odmian deserowych jest coraz szerszy. Jednak nie wszystkie genotypy jednakowo dobrze sprawdzają się w chłodnym klimacie Polski. Zarówno producenci jak i  działkowicze, poszukują sprawdzonych informacji o odmianach i możliwości ich uprawy w określonych warunkach środowiskowych z jak najlepszym skutkiem. Wychodząc naprzeciw tym oczekiwaniom, w winnicy założonej w Sadzie Doświadczalnym w Dąbrowicach (Instytut Ogrodnictwa-PIB w Skierniewicach) przeprowadzono badania, których celem była ocena zimotrwałości, mrozoodporności, podatności na przymrozki i zdrowotności 15 genotypów winorośli deserowej w warunkach klimatyczno-glebowych Polski Centralnej. Szczegółowe obserwacje wykonywano w latach 2019-2021 na krzewach posadzonych w 2004 roku. Najbardziej zimotrwałymi i mrozoodpornymi genotypami okazały się 'Alwood', 'New York Muscat', 'Boskoop Glory', 'Einset' i 'Reliance', które są mieszańcami Vitis vinifera z Vitis labrusca, a najmniej wytrzymałymi na niskie temperatury panujące zimą były odmiany 'Frumoasa Albae', 'Muskat Letni' i 'Palatina' powstałe w procesie złożonego krzyżowania międzygatunkowego. Genotypy z dużą domieszką Vitis amurensis, jak 'Agat Doński' i 'Kristaly' były najczęściej uszkadzane przez przymrozki wiosenne, ale jednocześnie miały wysokie właściwości regeneracyjne. Najbardziej podatna na mączniaka rzekomego i mączniaka prawdziwego była odmiana 'Swenson Red', natomiast na szarą pleśń - 'Reliance' i 'Einset'.
EN
The complex nature of the social position of people with disabilities in the Czech labour market is under-researched. Intersectionality is a useful perspective that stresses the socio-contextual, as opposed to the individualist, nature of disability. It explores the dynamics of the interactions between the systems of inequality that create diverse barriers and opportunities in access to employment and to good working conditions for people with disabilities. Using an intersectional perspective, binary logistic regression, and a thematic analysis of interviews with men and women with disabilities and interviews with people working in organisations that support people with disabilities, we set out to answer the following questions: (1) Are people who assess their health as worse more at risk of potentially precarious work than people who assess their health as better, and what other factors contribute to this? (2) How is the risk of precarious work perceived by people with disabilities and how is their experience shaped by various sources of disadvantage? Intergroup intersectional analysis shed light on the systems of inequality and the interactions between them that leave disabled persons more vulnerable to contractual precarity. Intragroup intersectional analysis helped provide a contextual understanding of how gender and education together structure the access of people with disabilities to decent and secure employment, focusing on access to paid work and contractual conditions and remuneration.
EN
The increase in the share of people in age 50+ in the population in the coming years may cause tensions in public finance. To avoid this longer labour market activity may be necessary. The aim of this study is to present results from research based on SHARE data relevant for a discussion of the factors influencing the labour market activity of elderly are discussed. People live longer in good health. That is why motivating those who are currently inactive to return to labour market activity is the important task for social policy. Also those who currently work should be motivated to prolong their employment. Two main reasons why people resigns from working are the right to pension benefits and poor health. Also one should pay more attention to the working conditions and the growing demand for caring services for the elderly. The individualization of income sources, stronger relation between income at oldage and labour market career and a role of financial markets must be taken into consideration while discussing economic policy. It is also important to take the actions targeted at those in middle age
PL
Nadchodzące zmiany demograficzne oraz przewidywane niskie stopy zastąpienia przy przechodzeniu na emeryturę stawiają przed polityką społeczną szczególne wyzwanie, jakim jest zwiększenie aktywności zawodowej osób starszych Problem starzenia się ludności został dostrzeżony przez ekonomistów już w latach 50. i wciąż jest żywo dyskutowany. Celem artykułu jest przegląd wybranych wyników uzyskanych przy wykorzystaniu danych z badania SHARE, które warto uwzględnić w dyskusji o wspieraniu aktywności zawodowej osób starszych. Zdaniem autora kwestia ta, mimo swojej olbrzymiej wagi, wciąż nie cieszy się należytym zainteresowaniem w debacie publicznej, co może skutkować w nieodległej przyszłości koniecznością zwiększenia opodatkowania pracy i spowolnieniem rozwoju gospodarczego.
EN
The article attempts to demonstrate that the process of genetic modification of food and its consequences in the form of influencing the health of entire societies, agro-ecosystems and the environment, which increasingly depends on the degree to which basic needs are met, is a contemporary social issue. Based on the results of mainly biochemical and biotechnological research, the types of genetic modifications of food and their impact on health have been analysed. Secondary analysis of the studies allowed the identification of multi-organ dysfunction syndrome of laboratory animals in reaction to the consumption of genetically modified plants. The paper also analyses the documents of the European Union and the Polish legislation concerning the admission to cultivation and subsequent trade of food products containing genetically modified ingredients.
EN
Introduction. In Poland (but not only) the last decades have been characterised by a persistent phenomenon of an increasing proportion of elderly people in the population age structure. The dynamics of social changes, which are caused, among other factors, by demographic processes, makes the issue of elderly care one of the most important challenges today. In our country elderly care is organised mainly in the private sphere – the family plays a huge role here. Meanwhile, the families’ caring potential is diminishing. Aim. The aim of the article is to identify problems and challenges concerning the system of support for the elderly in Poland, including the support provided by informal caretakers. Materials and methods. The study is based on the desk research method. Results. Among the many challenges concerning the situation of the elderly in Poland, those related to health and health care are predominant. Life expectancy does not go hand in hand with health, and with age come (often multidimensional) care needs. Informal caretakers for older people are usually family members (so-called family caretakers), most often women – still underestimated allies of the state care system. Research to date has shown, among other things, that providing care for the elderly is time-consuming, demanding, lacking comprehensive support from the health care system, overburdening caregivers and making it difficult for them to fulfil their other roles, for instance: professional roles. Changing, improving and developing a senior care system so that it would meet the current needs of seniors and their caretakers is a very timely and urgent task. Improving the situation of informal caretakers means improving the situation of their charges.
PL
Wprowadzenie. W Polsce (choć nie tylko) ostatnie dziesięciolecia cechuje trwałe zjawisko, jakim jest wzrost udziału osób starszych w strukturze wieku ludności. Dynamika zmian społecznych, których źródłem są m.in. procesy demograficzne powoduje, że jednym z ważniejszych dziś wyzwań jest kwestia opieki nad seniorami. W naszym kraju opieka ta organizowana jest głównie w sferze prywatnej – ogromną rolę odgrywa tutaj rodzina. Tymczasem jej opiekuńczy potencjał maleje. Cel. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie problemów i wyzwań dotyczących systemu wsparcia osób starszych w Polsce, w tym wsparcia udzielanego im przez opiekunów nieformalnych. Materiały i metody. W pracy wykorzystano dane zastane. Wyniki. Wśród wielu wyzwań dotyczących sytuacji osób starszych w Polsce nie od dziś dominują te, który dotyczą zdrowia i opieki zdrowotnej. Wydłużanie się życia nie idzie w parze ze zdrowiem, a wraz z wiekiem pojawiają się (niejednokrotnie wielowymiarowe) potrzeby opiekuńcze. Opiekunami nieformalnymi seniorów są zazwyczaj członkowie rodziny (tzw. opiekunowie rodzinni), najczęściej kobiety – to wciąż niedocenieni sprzymierzeńcy systemu opiekuńczego państwa. Z dotychczasowych badań wynika m.in., że sprawowanie tej opieki jest czasochłonne, wymagające, pozbawione kompleksowego wsparcia ze strony twórców i świadczeniodawców m.in. systemu opieki zdrowotnej, nadmiernie obciążające opiekunów i utrudniające pełnienie przez nich innych ról (np. zawodowych). Zmiana, doskonalenie i rozwijanie systemu opieki senioralnej, odpowiadającego na bieżące potrzeby zarówno seniorów, jak i ich opiekunów jest zadaniem bardzo aktualnym i pilnym. Poprawa sytuacji opiekunów nieformalnych, to poprawa sytuacji ich podopiecznych.
EN
Background: The aim of the study is to present the health predispositions to drive, assessed during certifying people referred to the Regional Centre for Occupational Medicine in Kielce due to drunk driving or driving after using alcohol. The article mainly presents the results regarding the prevalence of alcohol dependence and other psychiatric disorders in this group. We analyzed health condition at 3 year intervals in the years 2004, 2007 and 2010, adding the population of those who were examined in 2011. Material and Methods: A total of 5701 people were involved, both men and women. Drivers test cards along with the results of biochemical tests and specialist consultations were analyzed. The analysis of the results was performed using the statistical package PQStat 1.4.2.324 Results: Certificates with health contraindications to drive were issued to 6.7% of investigated individuals. Very significant correlation between alcohol dependence syndrome and the level of γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were confirmed. Alcohol dependence was diagnosed in 3.8% of the group. Conclusions: The health state of the drivers met the required certification criteria necessary for obtaining a driving license in more than 93% of the group. The study revealed many diseases in the group of investigated drivers, including 3.8% of alcohol dependence and 5% of mental disorders. The threat of losing driving license has become an important factor motivating drivers to undertake therapy. However, it seems advisable to develop principles for treatment monitoring and exchange of information between the certifying physician and the treating psychiatrist or psychologist. Med Pr 2014;65(4):497–506
PL
Wstęp: W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań osób skierowanych na badania do Wojewódzkiego Ośrodka Medycyny Pracy w Kielcach z uwagi na prowadzenie przez nie pojazdów w stanie nietrzeźwości lub po użyciu alkoholu. W artykule przede wszystkim zaprezentowano wyniki dotyczące występowania w badanej grupie uzależnienia od alkoholu oraz innych zaburzeń psychicznych. Obserwację prowadzono w odstępach 3-letnich (w roku 2004, 2007, 2010), a następnie populację poszerzono o badanych w 2011 r. Materiał i metody: Do udziału w badaniach zakwalifikowano 5701 osób. Przeprowadzono analizy kart badania kierowców wraz z wynikami badań biochemicznych i konsultacji specjalistycznych. Analizę uzyskanych wyników przeprowadzono za pomocą pakietu statystycznego PQStat 1.4.2.324. Wyniki: Orzeczenia o istnieniu przeciwwskazań zdrowotnych do prowadzenia pojazdów otrzymało 6,7% badanych. Stwierdzono wysoce istotną zależność między występowaniem zespołu uzależnienia od alkoholu a poziomem γ-glutamylo-transferazy (GGT), aminotransferazy alaninowej (ALT) i aminotransferazy asparaginianowej (AST). Uzależnienie od alkoholu stwierdzono u 3,8% badanych. Wnioski: Stan zdrowia ponad 93% badanych spełniał wymagane kryteria orzecznicze konieczne do uzyskania prawa jazdy. Badania przyczyniły się do wykrycia w badanej grupie kierowców wielu schorzeń, w tym uzależnienia od alkoholu (3,8%) i innych zaburzeń psychicznych (5,0%). Utrata prawa jazdy staje się istotnym czynnikiem motywującym kierowców do podjęcia terapii, natomiast celowe jest opracowanie zasad monitorowania leczenia i wymiany informacji między lekarzem orzekającym a leczącym psychiatrą bądź psychologiem. Med. Pr. 2014;65(4):497–506
Medycyna Pracy
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2016
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vol. 67
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issue 5
663-671
EN
The level of quality of life and health status of the population largely depends on the determinants related to occupational activity. The results of reviewed bibliography indicate a significant and growing importance of employment conditions on the quality of life and population health status in most countries of the world, especially in those with market economy. Of the evaluated determinants the following factors should be listed in particular: sources and the amount of income, stability of the income and employment, the nature of work and the degree of job satisfaction, as well as autonomy and career prospects. Moreover, they proved that the situation of persisting and long-term unemployment and precarious employment leads to a significant deterioration in the quality of life and health, especially among young people. In conclusion, the study of quality of life and population health status should take into consideration factors related to occupational activity. Med Pr 2016;67(5):663–671
PL
Poziom jakości życia i stanu zdrowia populacji zależy w dużej mierze od uwarunkowań dotyczących sfery aktywności zawodowej. W niniejszym przeglądzie piśmiennictwa wskazano na istotne i rosnące znaczenie warunków zatrudnienia dla jakości życia oraz stanu zdrowia ludności w większości państw świata, szczególnie tych o gospodarce rynkowej. Wśród czynników podlegających ocenie powinny znajdować się m.in. źródła i wysokość dochodu, stabilność dochodu i zatrudnienia, charakter wykonywanej pracy, a także stopień zadowolenia z wykonywanej pracy oraz autonomia i perspektywy zawodowe. Ponadto udowodniono, że sytuacja utrzymującego się i długotrwałego bezrobocia oraz zatrudnienia prekaryjnego prowadzi do istotnego pogorszenia jakości życia i stanu zdrowia, szczególnie osób młodych. Konkludując, w badaniach jakości życia i stanu zdrowia populacji należy uwzględniać czynniki dotyczące sfery aktywności zawodowej. Med. Pr. 2016;67(5):663–671
EN
Psychosocial determinants play a significant role in shaping mental health and the quality of life of workers, including physicians. The results of the presented review indicate that mental health problems of physicians are particularly manifested by chronic fatigue syndrome and burnout syndrome, and are related to chronic stress exposure at the workplace. Moreover, published data suggest that the most important mental health problems of medical students and young doctors include alcohol addiction and risky alcohol consumption, depression, and potential suicidal ideation. The studies on mental health and the quality of life of physicians, including their determinants, as presented in this paper, were mostly conducted on the basis of prospective observations that enable the tracking of changes over time.
PL
Determinanty psychospołeczne odgrywają istotną rolę w kształtowaniu zdrowia psychicznego oraz jakości życia pracowników, w tym lekarzy. W niniejszym przeglądzie piśmiennictwa wykazano, że problemy zdrowia psychicznego lekarzy przejawiają się w postaci zespołu przewlekłego zmęczenia oraz wypalenia zawodowego i mają związek z przewlekłym narażeniem na stres w pracy. Ponadto opublikowane dane wskazują, że do najistotniejszych problemów zdrowia psychicznego studentów medycyny oraz młodych lekarzy należą: uzależnienie od alkoholu oraz ryzykowny sposób jego konsumpcji, depresja, a także potencjalne zachowania samobójcze. Omówione w pracy badania mające na celu identyfikację stanu zdrowia psychicznego i jakości życia lekarzy oraz ich uwarunkowań były prowadzone głównie na podstawie obserwacji prospektywnych, dających możliwość śledzenia zmian w czasie.
PL
Cel: przedłożony artykuł koncentruje się na celu, jakim jest rozwiązanie problemów, na jakie napotykają europejskie systemy ochrony zdrowia. Konstrukcja/Metodyka: artykuł składa się z dwóch części. Pierwsza z nich ma charakter teoretyczny i przedstawia interdyscyplinarny dorobek badawczy. Druga część zawiera przykłady rozwiązań wdrożonych w Szwecji, Niemczech i Wielkiej Brytanii. W pierwszej części dokonano przeglądu monografii i artykułów poświęconych metodyce tworzenia VBHC. Część empiryczna oparta jest na raportach przedstawiających wprowadzanie VBHC. Wyniki: chęć poprawy efektywności kosztowej i klinicznej skuteczności wskazuje na potrzebę wdrożenia VBHC. Koncepcja VBHC powinna zatem przyczynić się, zdaniem ekspertów, ekonomistów oraz specjalistów od finansów i zarządzania do poprawiania efektywności ekonomicznej i skuteczności klinicznej. Ograniczenia/implikacje badawcze: niestety jest to długotrwały proces poprzedzony wieloma czynnościami. Do najważniejszych z nich należy stworzenie rejestrów medycznych i baz danych. Dzięki nim możliwe jest tworzenie kluczowych wskaźników działalności (KPI) pozwalających na prowadzenie racjonalnej polityki zdrowotnej. Oryginalność/wartość: do dorobku zawartego w publikacjach przedłożony artykuł dodaje konieczność uwzględnienia odpowiednio wybranych KPI analizujących środowisko makroekonomiczne do funkcjonowania szpitali. JEL: I10, I18 Acknowledgements This research received no funds. Suggested Citation: Nojszewska, E., & Kobyliński, K.M. (2020). Value Based Healthcare. A Strategy for the Cost and Clinically Effective Healthcare System Operation. Problemy Zarządzania (Management Issues), 18(3), 11–28.
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Purpose: The submitted article focuses on how to solve the problems faced by the European healthcare systems. Design/Methodology: The article consists of two sections. The first one is theoretical and presents interdisciplinary achievements of researchers. The second section includes examples of solutions applied in Sweden, Germany and Great Britain. In the theoretical part, books and articles on the methodology of VBHC creation were reviewed. The empirical part is based on reports on the introduction of VBHC. Findings: The desire to improve cost and clinical effectiveness indicates the need for a value-based healthcare (VBHC). Thus, the concept of VBHC should contribute, according to experts, economists as well as finance and management specialists, to the economic efficiency and clinical effectiveness. Research limitations/implications: Unfortunately, this is a lengthy process to be preceded by many activities. Healthcare registers and databases belong to the most important ones. Thanks to them, it is possible to create the key performance indicators (KPI) allowing for a rational health policy. Original value: To the achievements contained in the publications, the submitted article adds the need to take into account appropriately selected KPIs analyzing the macroeconomic environment for the functioning of hospitals. JEL: I10, I18 Acknowledgements This research received no funds. Suggested Citation: Nojszewska, E., & Kobyliński, K.M. (2020). Value Based Healthcare. A Strategy for the Cost and Clinically Effective Healthcare System Operation. Problemy Zarządzania (Management Issues), 18(3), 11–28.
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Migracja zarobkowa wiąże się z podwyższonym ryzykiem zdrowotnym m.in. ze względu na rodzaj pracy podejmowanej przez imigrantów, warunki mieszkaniowe i zmianę stylu życia. Podwyższone ryzyko zdrowotne dotyczy w szczególności chorób zakaźnych (w tym chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową), wypadków i obrażeń, chorób układu mięśniowo-szkieletowego oraz nadużywania substancji psychoaktywnych. Migranci są także bardziej narażeni na problemy zdrowia psychicznego, takie jak: stres, depresja i trudno ści adaptacyjne. Badania wskazują, że wielu imigrantów nie korzysta z opieki zdrowotnej w kraju gospodarza, pomimo posiadania uprawnień i wystąpienia potrzeb zdrowotnych.
EN
Economic migration entails a higher health risk, due to types of work performed by immigrants, their living conditions and lifestyle changes. The increased health risk concerns especially infectious diseases (including sexually-transmitted diseases), accidents and injuries, musculoskeletal system diseases and psychoactive substances abuse. Migrants are also more prone to mental health conditions such as stress, depression and adjustment problems. Studies indicate that many immigrants do not use health care in the host country even though they are eligible for publicly funded health services and have health needs.
EN
Economic migration entails a higher health risk, due to types of work performed by immigrants, their living conditions and lifestyle changes. The increased health risk concerns especially infectious diseases (including sexually-transmitted diseases), accidents and injuries, musculoskeletal system diseases and psychoactive substances abuse. Migrants are also more prone to mental health conditions such as stress, depression and adjustment problems. Studies indicate that many immigrants do not use health care in the host country even though they are eligible for publicly funded health services and have health needs.
PL
Migracja zarobkowa wiąże się z podwyższonym ryzykiem zdrowotnym m.in. ze względu na rodzaj pracy podejmowanej przez imigrantów, warunki mieszkaniowe i zmianę stylu życia. Podwyższone ryzyko zdrowotne dotyczy w szczególności chorób zakaźnych (w tym chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową), wypadków i obrażeń, chorób układu mięśniowo-szkieletowego oraz nadużywania substancji psychoaktywnych. Migranci są także bardziej narażeni na problemy zdrowia psychicznego, takie jak: stres, depresja i trudno ści adaptacyjne. Badania wskazują, że wielu imigrantów nie korzysta z opieki zdrowotnej w kraju gospodarza, pomimo posiadania uprawnień i wystąpienia potrzeb zdrowotnych.
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