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EN
Healthism is an ideology ascribed to the middle class in Western societies. It is defined as a preoccupation with health, which the individual can attain through lifestyle modifications. The aim of the study is an attempt to answer the question of whether healthism can be considered a distinctive attribute of those social categories claiming to be the Polish middle class: that is, salaried, highly qualified, white-collar workers with high positions in the occupational hierarchy, and entrepreneurs with small and medium-size businesses. If it can, this would be another proof of the emergence of a middle class in Poland. Analysis of a survey conducted on a nationwide sample in 2008 suggests that healthism is most common among the former category of persons. One is therefore inclined to consider those concepts according to which the emerging Polish middle class is the segment of the social structure composed of salaried, white- -collar employees with high qualifications and high occupational positions.
EN
Ever since sociology emerged as a scientific discipline, its founding fathers have stressed that modernisation will result in secularisation. The belief in the ‘death of God’ as a sine qua non condition for social progress has also been prevalent during the past 100 years and has resulted in the popularity of the secularisation thesis. In contrast this paper argues that religion has not disappeared in the Western World but is being transformed. It is argued that modern medicine reflects the religious heritage of Western culture: its ideology, myths, dogmas, symbols, beliefs, rituals, practices, hopes and fears. Even more, it is a form of secular religion. The analysis is based on functional, phenomenological and cultural approaches toward religion. The paper focuses on three components of the religion of health: 1) its general structure; 2) the morality of health and 3) the Church of medicine.
EN
Self-tracking refers to all kinds of ways to measuring and analyzing one’s biological condition. Self-trackers use various kinds of mobile technologies (smart phones, bands, buttons, rings etc.) and applications. Using this devices, it is possible to measure heart rate, distance traveled every day or to monitor sleep phases. Generally speaking, self-tracking is contemporary expression of healthism ideology, described by Robert Crawford in his famous paper. This article put the phenomenon of self-tracking in two contexts: neoliberal ideology and cognitive capitalism. Self-tracking devices can produce certain type of subjectivity which is individualistic, self-disciplining, enterprising and concerned with control in daily life. At the same time quantification practice fits well into new regime of capitalist production, which are based on creativity, ingenuity and concentration.
PL
Self-tracking odnosi się do wszelkich sposobów monitorowania i analizowania stanu własnego organizmu za pomocą urządzeń mobilnych (telefonów, opasek, przypinek, obręczy itp.) i powiązanych z nimi aplikacji. Dzięki nim użytkownicy technologicznych gadżetów mogą sprawdzać na bieżąco swoje tętno, mierzyć przebyty w ciągu dnia dystans czy monitorować fazy snu. Ogólnie rzecz ujmując, self-tracking jest nowym wcieleniem ideologii zdrowia, o której pisał Robert Crawford. W artykule poddano analizie to zjawisko, umieszczając je w dwóch kontekstach: ideologii neoliberalnej i kapitalizmu kognitywnego. Używanie gadżetów do self-trackingu pozwala na wytwarzanie określonego rodzaju podmiotowości: skupionej na sobie, samodyscyplinującej się, przedsiębiorczej, dążącej do maksymalizacji kontroli w codziennym, naznaczonym niepewnością życiu. Jednocześnie praktyki monitorowania siebie doskonale wpisują się w nowe reżimy produkcji, oparte na pomysłowości, kreatywności i koncentracji.
EN
The article presents the results of qualitative research on the beliefs and health behaviors of young people which turned out to be convergent with the ideology of healthism. Young people are convinced of individual responsibility for their own health and the necessity of healthy lifestyle. It was hypothesized that this is a consequence of socialization in the social conditions promoting development of healthism. Young people grew up in the era of development of socio-ecological model of health, health promotion and health education. They entered adulthood in social conditions of democracy and free market economy, promoting individualization and empowerment and the treatment of health as human capital which demands investments and developing by individuals.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań jakościowych dotyczących przekonań i zachowań zdrowotnych młodych ludzi, zbieżnych w dużej mierze z ideologią healthismu. Młodzi są bowiem przekonani o indywidualnej odpowiedzialności za własne zdrowie i konieczności prowadzenia zdrowego stylu życia. Postawiono hipotezę, że jest to konsekwencja socjalizacji w warunkach społecznych sprzyjających ukształtowaniu się ideologii healthismu i „autokreacyjnych postaw wobec zdrowia”. Młodzi dorastali w czasach rozwoju socjoekologicznego modelu zdrowia, promocji zdrowia i edukacji zdrowotnej. Wchodzili w dorosłość w warunkach demokracji i wolnorynkowej gospodarki, sprzyjających indywidualizacji i upodmiotowieniu oraz traktowaniu zdrowia jako kapitału, w który należy inwestować.
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