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PL
Jedną z głośniejszych spraw kryminalnych w XVIII-wiecznym Nowem nad Wisłą było zabójstwo urzędującego rajcy Kaspra Langi. Była ona o tyle sensacyjna, że nie chodziło w niej wyłącznie o zajmowaną przez zamordowanego funkcję publiczną, lecz przede wszystkim o towarzyszące jej okoliczności oraz jedną z osób uznanych za współwinną – małżonkę Langi, Mariannę i jej udział w tej zbrodni. Zestawienie wszystkich źródeł rzuca światło zarówno na praktykę kryminalną małego miasta pomorskiego, jak i postępowanie władz w przedmiocie rozwiązywania majątków mieszczan w nim zamieszkujących. Jest to o tyle ciekawe, że z racji zachowania dużej części ksiąg możliwe jest prześledzenie losu sprawy od zabójstwa (a nawet wcześniej w odniesieniu do działalności samorządowej oraz zawodowej zamordowanego), po rok 1757, kiedy dokonał się ostateczny podział masy spadkowej. Wydaje się zadaniem uzasadnionym przybliżenie tej sprawy, tym bardziej że postulat badań nad praktyką sądową stosowania prawa w ujęciu makro- i mikrohistorycznym pozostaje wciąż aktualny.
Dzieje Najnowsze
|
2020
|
vol. 52
|
issue 4
5-24
EN
The Baltic Institute established in 1925 was a pioneering initiative aimed at conducting and popularising scholarly research on Pomeranian and Baltic matters. Apart from defending against German claims, its activists also called for Poland to be wide open to the sea. After the war, the Institute engaged in the development of the Baltic lands, both economically and historically. To the liquidation of the Baltic Institute in 1951 contributed the policy of the authorities which did not accept the visions of Poland’s development that differed from their own.
PL
Instytut Bałtycki, założony w 1925 r., był pionierską inicjatywą mającą na celu prowadzenie i upowszechnianie badań naukowych o tematyce pomorskiej i bałtyckiej. Oprócz walki z roszczeniami niemieckimi jego działacze postulowali też Polskę szeroko otwartą na morze. W okresie powojennym Instytut zajął się zagospodarowaniem ziem nadbałtyckich, tak gospodarczo, jak i historycznie. Do likwidacji IB w 1951 r. przyczyniła się polityka władz, które nie akceptowały innych od swoich wizji rozwoju kraju.
EN
‘Szczecin’ was a journal that was coming out in the years 1957–1962 as a direct forerunner of the ‘West-Pomeranian Journal’ (Przegląd Zachodniopomorski). So far the contents of the ‘Szczecin’ Journal, as well as its role in shaping the academic community and in influencing the economic, social and political reality have not been fully analysed. Hence the conclusion that this role is underestimated o even deprecated. In all the issues of ‘Szczecin’ historical questions were covered most extensively. Yet, according to what its editor-in-chief, Henryk Lesiński, had announced the journal was to be open to all the disciplines of social science and humanities. As a result, in addition to the historical questions, the journal also dealt with literary and economic problems. Among the authors there were not only representatives of the Szczecin academic community, but scholars from outside as well. In 1963 ‘Szczecin’ was transformed into the ‘West-Pomeranian Journal’, which has been published to date. The change of the name was caused by practical aspects: the former title suggested a narrow fi eld of interest, limited to the West-Pomeranian capital. After the change the regional character of the journal has been better emphasised.
EN
Kołobrzeg’s harbour, located by the mouth of Parsęta River, started its functioning at the turn of 13th and 14th century. It was directly connected with wide-spreading of cogs in hanseatic marine navigation. Cogs, because of their submersion, were not being able to easily reach the founded town. Most probably in 14th century on the east riverbank the wharf was built. At the same time the construction of short (about 50 meters long) breakwaters was started. Breakwaters were necessary to buckler the river mouth. Simultaneously customs house, where village head of Ujście officiated, was located in the harbour. The village head was obligated to look after the harbour. Over the years, despite great damages caused by very strong cyclic storms (1497, 1645, 1649, 1691, 1693, 1730, and 1731) and the devastations caused by armed conflicts, especially the Thirty Years’ War and the Seven Years’ War, the Kołobrzeg’s harbour gradually expanded. Breakwaters with the strong wooden caisson construction were led over 100 m into the sea. The wharf on the east bank of the Parsęta River was extended to about 250 m. The wharf was originally built with wooden caissons (15th – 17th century) and then it was changed to palisade construction (18th c.). The harbour infrastructure of the time also included: a customs house, a harbour crane (confirmed in 16th c.), storage yards, a salt warehouse and, since 18th century, stowage (Packhof). From 1666, on the east riverside in the fortifications erected during Thirty Years’ War, a lighthouse started its function. The main problem of the harbour was maintaining the harbour depth (about 2,5 m) and the depth of the harbour entrance (it was varied and depending on the current natural conditions). The straightforward methods of dredging the harbour waters of the time did not cause lasting and satisfactory results. In this situation since 16th century the larger vessels were forced to carry indirect transhipments on the roadstead. The harbour was at first managed by the harbour head. However in the 14th century “harbour masters” who charged fees from arriving vessels to the mouth of Parsęta River, were introduced. Since the second half of 15th century there have been harbour administrators (started from one, then two, and finally four), who, on behalf of the council, rotary managed the harbour. Over time (in the second half of 16th century) the function of “harbour masters” disappeared, and harbour administrators managed the entire harbour, including charging harbour fees (until the end of 17th century) and supervising repairs and function of the harbour. Harbour administrator on duty had authority over the village head of Ujście, harbour carpenter with assistants, pilots who led in vessels into the harbour and harbour workers. In the 18th century all the fees from imported and exported goods and arriving vessels were charged by stowage officials (Packhof). There was also harbour office there.
PL
Port w Kołobrzegu u ujścia Parsęty rozpoczął funkcjonowanie na przełomie XIII i XIV wieku. Było to bezpośrednio związane z upowszechnieniem się w żegludze hanzeatyckiej kog, które ze względu na zanurzenie nie mogły swobodnie docierać pod lokacyjne miasto. Najprawdopodobniej w XIV wieku wybudowano po wschodniej stronie rzeki nabrzeże oraz rozpoczęto budowę krótkich (około 50-metrowych) falochronów osłaniających ujście Parsęty. Jednocześnie w porcie zbudowano karczmę celną, w której urzędował wójt osady Ujście, zobowiązany do opieki nad portem. Z biegiem lat mimo wielkich zniszczeń powodowanych przez bardzo silne, cykliczne sztormy (lata 1497, 1645, 1649, 1691, 1693, 1730, 1731) oraz spustoszeń wywołanych przez burze dziejowe, w tym zwłaszcza wojnę trzydziestoletnią i siedmioletnią, port kołobrzeski stopniowo się rozbudowywał. Falochrony o silnej konstrukcji kaszycowej wyprowadzono blisko 100 m w głąb morza. Nabrzeże przy wschodnim brzegu Parsęty wydłużono do około 250 m, przy czym początkowo było to nabrzeże kaszycowe (XV–XVII wiek), a następnie palisadowe (XVIII wiek). Z ówczesnej infrastruktury portowej należy jeszcze wymienić: karczmę celną, żuraw portowy (potwierdzony w XVI wieku), place składowe, magazyn solny, a w XVIII wieku pakownię (Packhof). Od 1666 roku w forcie wzniesionym w czasie wojny trzydziestoletniej po wschodniej stronie rzeki zaczęła działać latarnia. Podstawowym problemem portu było utrzymanie głębokości akwenu portowego (około 2,5 m) oraz głębokości wejścia do portu (zróżnicowana i zależna od aktualnych warunków naturalnych). Ówczesne proste sposoby pogłębiania akwenu portowego nie przynosiły trwałych i zadowalających efektów. W tej sytuacji (od XVI wieku) większe jednostki zmuszone były do prowadzenia przeładunków pośrednich na redzie portu. Portem początkowo zarządzał wójt portowy. Już w XIV wieku pojawili się „panowie portowi” pobierający opłaty od jednostek przybyłych do ujścia Parsęty. Od drugiej połowy XV wieku wzmiankowani są prowizorzy portowi (na początku jeden, potem dwóch, wreszcie czterech), którzy w imieniu rady rotacyjnie zarządzali portem. Z czasem (druga połowa XVI wieku) zanikli „panowie portowi”, a prowizorzy portowi zarządzali całym portem, pobierali opłaty portowe (do końca XVII wieku), nadzorowali remonty oraz pracę portu. Aktualnie urzędującemu prowizorowi podlegał wójt Ujścia, cieśla portowy wraz z pomocnikami, piloci wprowadzający statki oraz robotnicy portowi. W XVIII wieku wszelkie opłaty od przywożonych i wywożonych towarów oraz przybyłych statków pobierali urzędnicy pakowni. Tam też działała kasa portowa.
EN
In 1964 one of the most important academic journals of the Szczecin academic community, ‘Szczecin’, was transformed into the ‘West-Pomeranian Journal’ (Przegląd Zachodniopomorski); after the change it was still created mainly by historians. Together with the change the journal received more solid fi nancial foundations, a proper background of authors, and it became a strictly academic quarterly. In the years 1963–1985 the journal was run by Henryk Lesiński, in the years 1985–2012 by Tadeusz Białecki. In the editorial staff there were some outstanding personalities of several academic disciplines from Szczecin. The articles published covered the questions of history, Polish studies, sociology, economics, demography, law, culture, architecture, Polish-German relations, West- Pomeranian geography. There were also published monothematic studies, session materials and jubilee issues of outstanding representatives of the academic community. The editors managed to present a signifi cant part of the local academic production in the pages of the journal and to infl uence the development of the local academic community. There were articles from other academic centres in Poland and in the German Democratic Republic. In the 1960s and 1970s the contents of the journal show that its signifi cant part did not deal with the humanities subjects; there were many materials from the sphere of economy, agricultural and marine sciences, the favourite guilds of the State and the Party. However, in the 1980s those spheres gradually disappeared from the pages of the journal. The Szczecin scholars who wrote for the journal represented the local universities and other humanistic institutions. In the materials concerning history all the historical epochs were dealt with. The journal was the brainchild of the People’s Republic of Poland and the scientifi c policy of the Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR). With the passing of time, endeavours of the founders and editors and the local communities in three generations converted the journal into an important forum to elevate the successive young generations of humanists. On the other hand, in the fi rst quarter of the century of its existence, or a bit longer, the contents of the ‘West-Pomeranian Journal’ refl ected the German occupation experiences and the political views of the founders and their attitude of admiration towards the socialist regime and their acceptance of the historic alliance with the socialist Germany. They claimed that there was no alternative for what had happened in Poland after 1944/45. They rendered considerable services to create successive generations of Polish intelligentsia in the Polish West. If the journal is analysed from the standpoint of today, if the endeavours of its founders and editors and the whole academic community are taken into consideration, if it is seen as the work of three generations, it is becoming obvious that the journal has been an important forum to elevate the successive young generations of humanists. In the sphere of the humanities the questions most frequently treated have been the ones taken from history, sociology, the history of art and the history of architecture. As far as history is concerned, it has been the Szczecin community that contributed most to the journal; in the pages of the journal new historical epochs have appeared, the problems have been treated more precisely, the methodological tools have become more sophisticated; these facts prove that the academic community of Szczecin and Western Pomerania has made progress and has consolidated.
EN
The bronze crucifixes found in Western Pomerania are examples of tiny crucifixes that were extremely popular during the Romanesque period. In the 12th century and later they were the basic equipment of churches, where they used to be placed on the altars, carried in processions, and used in liturgy or as reliquaries. Both the examples described in the text are realisations of the same pattern within one workshop. On the other hand, they present different forms: the crucifix from Żelichowo is more naturalistic and its character is more creative, whereas the one from Pyrzyce is more schematic (or simplistic) and decorative. The specific form of the head and the structure of the perizoma situate both, according to the classification of Peter Boch, in the group of crucifixes called Hermannburger Folge. Very strong resemblance of both to the image on the Płock Gates, especially in the shapes of the heads with the dominating nose, a ‘garland’ of a beard and slanting eyes, makes it possible to connect both the crucifixes with the Magdeburg workshop and date them to the 7th century. They have been found within the limits of the Duchy of Pomerania (German: Herzogtum Pommern), which testifies that the first Pomeranian churches functioned according to the customs of the time; they also confirm that the transportation tracks, which were bustling with activity, linked the region with important European centres, especially with Magdeburg, which played a significant role in the cultural and civilisational development of Pomerania and Poland.
EN
For 150 years Kołobrzeg was an important place of remembrance in Germany. In 1945 Pomerania together with that town was captured by the Polish state after bloody fights of the Polish army. With the reference to the 1945 battle the Polish created several historical myths, which also refer to a Medieval narrative. The article is an attempt to investigate – on the basis of chronicles – whether already in the Middle Ages the narrative about Kołobrzeg and nearby Białogard played a similar role in the symbolic policy among the Polish elites. The first part of the article describes the records of chroniclers about the expeditions of Bolesław III Wrymouth to Białogard and Kołobrzeg. The second part depicts their significance against the background of the contemporary political situation. It seems that at the beginning of the 12th century Gallus Anonymus (Anonymous) tried to invest those towns with symbolic significance, but with time chroniclers changed the original meaning of the records and entwined their elements in the current political discourse. Those plots came back only when the idea of the union between Poland and Pomerania re-emerged.
PL
Kołobrzeg był przez prawie 150 lat ważnym miejscem pamięci w Niemczech. W 1945 roku teren Pomorza wraz z tym nadmorskim miastem objęło, po krwawych walkach armii polskiej, państwo polskie. Nawiązując do walk z 1945 roku, Polacy utworzyli wiele mitów historycznych odwołujących się również do narracji średniowiecznych. Celem artykułu jest próba zbadania na podstawie przekazów kronikarskich, czy już w okresie średniowiecza narracja o Kołobrzegu i pobliskim Białogardzie nie zaczęła spełniać podobnej roli w polityce symbolicznej wśród polskich elit. W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono przekazy dziejopisów o wyprawach Bolesława Krzywoustego na Białogard oraz Kołobrzeg. W drugiej zaś omówiono ich znaczenie na tle ówczesnej sytuacji politycznej. Wydaje się, że w początkach XII wieku Gall Anonim próbował nadać symboliczne znaczenie obu tym ośrodkom, jednak z czasem kronikarze zmienili pierwotny sens tego przekazu i wplatali jego elementy w aktualny dyskurs polityczny.
EN
SummaryThe paper deals with the problem of the place of Pomerania in imaginative geography of the inhabitants of the Polish lands since the rule of Mieszko I until beginning of the 13th century. The choice of the final date is justified by the political changes taking place at that time in Poland and in Pomerania itself, as well as the changes in imaginative geography, i.e. in the system of images of particular territories functioning in a community, in the case in question among the inhabitants of the Polish lands. The possibilities of reconstructing the images of Pomerania and the Baltic are limited because of the scarcity of sources, especially with reference to the earliest period. The article contains an analysis of the circumstances of creating and introducing into the written sources the names ‘Pomerania’ and ‘Pomeranians’. The picture of Pomerania in Gallus Anonymus’ chronicle has been extensively discussed, which results from the special position of that region in the spatial concept in that text. The paper indicates the main ways of the conceptualisation of the Pomeranian territory and its inhabitants by Gallus in the context of the contemporary system of learned geographical images, crusade ideology and political conditions of the textmaking and presenting the events. There is also a characterisation of the later mentions about Pomerania as a geographical space in the Polish sources of the beginning of the 13th century, among which the predominant place occupies Master Wincenty Kadłubek’s chronicle. The article shows how Master Wincenty Kadłubek presents Pomerania in various parts of his chronicle, especially in his narrative about the beginnings of the Polish state and nation, with possible causes and sources of the description. Finally, the article signals the changes which indicate that the period from the 13th to the 15th centuries should be regarded as a separate stage in the history of the Polish imagery of the Baltic and Pomerania.
PL
W artykule podjęto problematykę form obecności Pomorza w geografii kreacyjnej mieszkańców ziem polskich w okresie od panowania Mieszka I do początku XIII wieku. Wybór daty końcowej jest uzasadniony zachodzącymi w tym okresie przemianami politycznymi w Polsce i na samym Pomorzu, jak również związanymi z tym przemianami w geografii kreacyjnej, czyli w systemie wyobrażeń o poszczególnych terytoriach, funkcjonującym w określonej zbiorowości, w tym przypadku wśród mieszkańców ziem polskich. Możliwości rekonstrukcji wyobrażeń o Pomorzu i Bałtyku są jednak ograniczone ze względu na niedobór źródeł. Dotyczy to szczególnie najwcześniejszego okresu. W artykule zanalizowano okoliczności powstania i wprowadzenia do źródeł pisanych nazw „Pomorze” i „Pomorzanie”. Szczególnie obszernie omówiono obraz Pomorza w kronice tzw. G alla A nonima, c o w ynika z wyjątkowo wyeksponowanej pozycji tej krainy w koncepcji przestrzeni w tekście. Wskazano główne kierunki konceptualizacji terytorium Pomorza i jego mieszkańców przez Galla w kontekście ówczesnego systemu uczonych wyobrażeń geograficznych, ideologii krucjatowej oraz politycznych uwarunkowań powstania tekstu i opisywanych w nim wydarzeń. Następnie scharakteryzowano późniejsze wzmianki o Pomorzu jako przestrzeni geograficznej w źródłach polskich do początku XIII wieku, wśród których na pierwszy plan wysuwa się kronika mistrza Wincentego zw. Kadłubkiem. Scharakteryzowano sposób przedstawienia Pomorza przez Wincentego w różnych częściach kroniki, zwłaszcza w narracji o początkach państwa i narodu polskiego, ze wskazaniem na możliwe przyczyny i źródła takiego opisu. Na koniec zasygnalizowano przemiany, które powodują, że okres od XIII do XV wieku powinien być uznany za kolejny, odrębny etap w dziejach polskich wyobrażeń o Bałtyku i Pomorzu.
EN
For many years of his academic career Professor Tadeusz Białecki has frequently dealt with the problems of the medieval Western Pomerania. Still as a student of the Warsaw University and shortly after graduating he investigated the subject of fortifi ed towns (gords) in that region. Later, especially in the years 1958–1966, he wrote a few articles (published in the ‘West-Pomeranian Materials’ and in the ‘West-Pomeranian Journal’) on the medieval onomastics and settlement in the vicinity of Szczecin and Pyrzyce, and on the settlement base of Koszalin in the 13th century, when it was located. For many years Professor Białecki concentrated his attention on the history of the Western Slavdom, especially the Slavic past of Połabie, Western Pomerania and Szczecin. Another keynote (also treated in a popularising way) were the medieval monuments of Stargard and in its vicinity and the ones of Chojna, and the heraldry of West-Pomeranian towns. In spite of his involvement in the investigations into the demographic changes of Western Pomerania after WW2 and into the displacement of the Germans before the 1950s, questions concerning the Middle Ages appeared from time to time in Professor Białecki’s works (especially at the end of 1980s and afterwards) in the form of articles and monographs concerning Szczecin and the changes in onomastics and demography within the Szczecin region and in other towns and in the whole area of Western Pomerania. For many years Professor Białecki’s teaching activity (fi rst as an independent investigator at the History Institute of the Higher School of Pedagogy, and since 1985 at the Szczecin University) was connected with medieval questions. His interest in the Middle Ages and especially the history of Western Pomerania resulted in several monographs of towns or West-Pomeranian subregions (some of them written by Professor Białecki and some edited by him); in most cases they dealt with the post-war times but somehow they referred to the times of the Duchy of Pomerania. Some medieval threads may also be found in the commentaries to the Polish edition of Thomas Kantzow’s Pomerania, published together with E. Rymar and other authors. In spite of his enormous knowledge of the Middle Ages, his keen interest in that epoch, and in spite of being Professor Aleksander Gieysztor’s disciple, Tadeusz Białecki has never become a classical medievalist. Although the Middle Ages are visible in his works, they have never become the main thread of his academic production.
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