This paper discusses the evolution of the Polish military ethic in the time frame from the restoration of independence to 1989. In the conclusions, the author briefly outlines the changes in the image of soldiers after the collapse of communism in the country. The deliberations are conducted mainly with reference to the Polish prose of the 20th century and, to a smaller extent, Polish films.
The article tries to resume the main contours and changes in the travelling and tourism „sphere“ in the consequences of Velvet Revolution and the fall of communism in Czechoslovakia. There are presented the most important historical frames of „sphere“ development, but also there are illuminated the key perspectives and meanings deriving from realised oral history interviews. For conclusion the author tries to resume and „re-think“ the issue of „historical meaning“ and the importance of 1989 change in the context of Czech contemporary history.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą refleksji nad formą i przemianami w sferze ruchu turystycznego w związku z Aksamitną Rewolucją 1989 r. i z upadkiem komunizmu w Czechosłowacji. W tekście prezentowany jest historyczny rozwój tej sfery. W dalszej części przedstawiono zagadnienie z perspektywy narratorów wywiadów oral history i znaczenia, jakie przykładają do tej problematyki. W podsumowaniu autor zastanawia się, jakie znaczenie miał przełom roku 1989 dla rozwoju ruchu turystycznego w kontekście czeskiej historii współczesnej.
In Portugal, the suffering and struggle of the East Timorese people for independence started a social movement of solidarity with strong repercussions in the arts, namely music and literature. Children’s Literature depicted the theme of this period of oppression in East Timor, as well as the recognition of its independence and its right to freedom, in a picturebook selected for the White Ravens List in 2003 called East Timor – Island of the Rising Sun (2001), by João Pedro Mésseder and André Letria. This unusual picturebook, characterised by a very simple and sparse, almost poetic, text combined with large-format pictures, depicts this chapter of the contemporary history of East Timor in very specific way, resembling fairy tales or legends. The text and images are combined in order to promote symbolic readings, suggesting a magical/mystical environment that impresses readers. More than a decade later, recent struggles and stories from East Timor are still present in Portuguese picturebooks such as Lya/Lia (2014), by Margarida Botelho. The social change, path to democracy and educational development, as well as daily life and children’s pastimes are now the centre of a narrative that establishes the similarities and differences between modern-day Portugal and East Timor. Our aim is to analyse both the political and ideological perspectives present in these picturebooks aimed at very young readers, offering a broad vision of different realities and contexts, even when they deal with war, death and suffering, as was the case of the East Timorese fight for independence.
The article concern Polish groups referring to the tradition of National Democracy and functioning after 1989 with focus on attempts to recreate political representation. The relations of national political parties with Law and Justice – main party of the Polish right in the last two decades – were particularly emphasized. The article presents the genesis of the Center Agreement and the Law and Justice party, as well as the relations of this political camp with the parties of the national right until 2015.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy polskich ugrupowań nawiązujących do tradycji Narodowej Demokracji i funkcjonujących po 1989 roku, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem prób odtworzenia reprezentacji politycznej. Szczególnie podkreślano związki krajowych partii politycznych z Prawem i Sprawiedliwością – główną partią polskiej prawicy w ostatnich dwóch dekadach. W artykule przedstawiono genezę Porozumienia Centrum i partii Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, a także relacje tego obozu politycznego z partiami prawicy narodowej do 2015 roku.
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