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1
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Stowarzyszeniowy ruch naukowy wobec społecznego funkcjonowania historii

100%
Kwiatkowski S., Sulikowski P.
Studia Maritima
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2014
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vol. 27/II
7-28
EN
The historian in the contemporary Poland has to fulfil not only the tasks on his workplace, commonly at a state university or in a research institute but he has also commitments which result from the traditional ethos of a man of science. In the public sphere he has to deal with historical politics created by the state and the political forces immediately, which cannot actually be influenced by the scientific circles in a relevant way. The political forces await from the historian the disclosure of such a “truth” which would interpret the existing reality as the possible space for creation of that what ought to be. The associational scientific movement as a traditionally autonomous body concerned with population of knowledge has in this situation the chance and the not utterly fulfilled task of defending of the historical truth, conditioned and determined with the contemporary theory of knowledge.
2

Institucional Subordination of Polish Historical Sciences to the Soviet Union 1944-mid 1960s

88%
Szumski J.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2012
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vol. 57
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issue 3-4
67-88
EN
The below text aims to analyse the structure of dependency of Poland from the USSR in reference to historical sciences, and the mechanisms by which Moscow imposed its vision of history on Warsaw. The control system of science in the Soviet Union and in the countries of the so-called "People's democracies" was based on a few large-scale pillars, each dully fulfilling their role. At the top of the pyramid of power and the party hierarchy was the Central Committee of the CPSU (the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), which, above all, combined the functions of a body governing the state’s life, and secondly dealt with matters concerning the party ideology and propaganda. The various departments of the Central Committee, all subordinate research institutes and state institutions, created a complex body controlling the historical sciences in the USSR and abroad on behalf of the Communist Party. On the second level, which may be conventionally described as scientific, one may find different research institutions concentrated in the structure of the Academy of Social Sciences of the USSR, with the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Academy of Social Science of the USSR, having a special place. The Institute of Slavic Studies and the Institute of History of the USSR were considered a kind of a laboratory where, in consultation and close cooperation with various institutions and the Central Committee’s The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)/ CPSU, the Soviet vision of the Polish history was being forged. An important role in the control of scientific relations between the Soviet Union and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, were assigned to the so-called, social organizations of cultural and educational nature, among others Komitet Słowiański, Wszechzwiązkowe Towarzystwo na Rzecz Stosunków Kulturalnych z Zagranicą, et al. The key, however, place was given to a Science Division of the CPSU, which formulated the most important guidelines for historians, research centres and publications. The historical science was one of the tools used by ideology and state policy. Changing priorities or the specific way of treating certain issues, which meant matching the facts to respective concepts or frequently upfront falsification, were not due to the requirements of theoretical and methodological nature, but merely a temporary "correction" of a current course.
3
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The Role of a Personality in Historical and Political Process

75%
Kozma B.
Historia i Polityka
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2018
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issue 26 (33)
73-80
EN
The article presents the analysis of such concepts as “historical regularity”, “chance” and “great personality”. It is stressed that while studying epistemological problems of historical science we must focus on the system categories being used in general methodology of science, first of all on the category “scientific theory”. The role and place of personality in historical and political process is reviewed. It is noted that in order to solve the urgent problems of social development, there is a need for leaders who, through their own energy, will, mind and abilities, can implement quality changes.
4
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The position of historical science of the Ukrainian SSR in the conditions of communist ideology in the years of Khrushchev’s «thaw» and the unfolding of Brezhnev’s «stagnation»

63%
Kindrachuk N.
Reality of Politics
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2023
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issue 23
34-48
EN
The article shows the complete subordination of historical science in the Ukrainian SSR to the ideology of the Soviet state. The concept of the historical development of the Ukrainian people during the 60s and 70s of the 20th century was determined not by scientists, but by party-communist ideologues. The concept of the rapprochement of nations, the creation of a «new historical community of Soviet people» and the condemnation of the ideology of «bourgeois nationalism» came to the fore. When researching the history of the Ukrainian SSR, scientists were tasked with not focusing on national differences and promoting the «exceptional» role of the Russian people in the life of Ukrainians in every possible way.
5
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DENYING THE EXISTENSE OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL STATE IN THE HISTORICAL RESEARCH OF THE UKRAINE SSR: END OF THE 60'S – 70'S OF THE XXTH CENTURY

63%
Kindrachuk N. M.
Torun International Studies
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2018
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issue 11
47-53
EN
This article examines the end of the 60's – 70's of the XX century, the time characterized by intensification of repressive management of historical science in the USSR, the establishment of censorship and harassment, forcing the Ukrainian historians to serve the needs of the Soviet totalitarian state. Rejection of historical science from ideological foundations of the Communist Party was impossible. Ideological supervision of the intelligentsia in Ukraine and total control of historical research institutions started. Ruling Communist Party fought against dissidents, media and folowers of «Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism ideology», shaped prejudice to all national. The least manifestation of patriotism of Ukrainians was regarded as anti-Soviet activity. Ukrainians were reluctantly forced to feel inferior nation without its own long history.
6
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Historická věda a její bodové hodnocení v České republice za období 2013-2015

63%
Vorel P.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2018
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vol. 116
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issue 1
131-157
EN
This article recapitulates the course and results of the overall assessment of publication results, both for the science itself and research, in the discipline of "history" in the Czech Republic from the period 2013-2015. Based on the data acquired in this manner, the re-distribution of financial means for further development of individual research organisations was carried out. On average, the discipline of "history" annually presented about 1800 separate results (academic volumes, chapters in books and articles in scholarly periodicals). The author outlines the methodology of assessment and states the names of actual historians who were members of the panel of assessors. In conclusion he lists the main pros and cons, which this model of assessment brought compared to other systems of assessment. The points system, which directly generates finances for further research, influenced the discipline of "history" considerably in terms of quantity during the period concerned. However, it was possible to eliminate this phenomenon thanks to the physical verification of all submitted results and their allocation on a qualitative scale.
7
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O podobieństwie metod testowania teorii w naukach historycznych i "ścisłych"

63%
Miller K. B.
Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy
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2011
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vol. 8
95-103
PL
W chrześcijańskiej literaturze na temat nauki i wiary, a także w opracowaniach popularnonaukowych, często pojawia się twierdzenie, że nauki historyczne (kosmologia, astronomia, geologia, biologia ewolucyjna, antropologia, archeologia) różnią się zasadniczo od nauk „ścisłych”, gdyż wnioski tych pierwszych są mniej precyzyjne i słabiej testowalne. Wysuwany jest argument, że nauki historyczne nie należą do nauk eksperymentalnych, ponieważ przedmiotem ich badań są niepowtarzalne zdarzenia. A skoro przeszłe zdarzenia i procesy nie są bezpośrednio obserwowalne, to należy uznać, że teorie wyjaśniające problemy pochodzenia częściej prowadzą do błędnych wniosków i są mniej wartościowe niż badania nad procesami zachodzącymi obecnie. Pogląd ten zwykle znajduje wyraz w tego typu stwierdzeniach: „Nikogo przy tym nie było, więc nigdy nie dowiemy się, co naprawdę zaszło”. Naukowe twierdzenia na temat historii Ziemi i ziemskiego życia spotykają się z lekceważeniem, uważa się je bowiem za niesprawdzalne spekulacje. Taki obraz nauk historycznych wynika jednak z niezrozumienia zarówno istoty eksperymentu i metod testowania teorii, jak również charakteru naukowego „dowodu”. Mam nadzieję, że w tym krótkim artykule zdołam ukazać powszechne nieporozumienia co do natury nauki oraz udowodnić, że twierdzenia nauk historycznych są sprawdzalne w równym stopniu, co twierdzenia nauk ścisłych.
EN
Frequent claims appear in the Christian science/faith literature, and in popular discussions of science, that the historical sciences (cosmology, astronomy, geology, evolutionary biology, anthropology, archaeology) are fundamentally different from the “hard” sciences, and that their scientific conclusions are less rigorous and less testable. It is argued that the historical sciences deal with unrepeatable events and are therefore not experimental. Furthermore, because past events and processes are not directly observable, theories of origins are deemed inferior or less certain than studies of present processes. This view commonly finds expression in statements like: “No one was there so we can never know what really happened.” Scientific claims about Earth and biological history are then dismissed as untestable speculation. These various perceptions of historical science represent serious misunderstandings of both the nature of experiment and theory testing, and the character of scientific “proof.” It is my hope that this brief essay will serve both to expose widely held misconceptions about the nature of science and to demonstrate that historical science is rigorously testable.
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