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XX
Reprint: W. Wrzosek, Losy źródła historycznego (refleksje na marginesie idei R.G. Collingwooda), [w]: Świat historii, red. W. Wrzosek, Poznań 1998, s. 411-417.
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EN
The article discusses the multiple aspects of the sermon as a fully valid historical source.
PL
Artykuł wieloaspektowo rozpatruje kwestię kazania jako pełnowartościowego źródła historycznego.
XX
The article is an introduction to the volume of RAH. The authors concentrate on the issue of language and representation and the controversy that arises from this: what does the historian, the past reality, or narratives about it really examine? The pretext is the dispute over the book by R. Darnton Great cat massacre...
EN
On the Slavic sources of the dualist narrationsA review of the new anthology Średniowieczne herezje dualistyczne na Bałkanach. Źródła słowiańskie. (2015). (Minczew, G., Skowronek, M. & Wolski, J. M. Ed.). Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. The volume, whose title translates Medieval dualist heresies in the Balkans. The Slavic sources, includes the most important source literature for studying dualist heresies. The carefully selected texts provide recipients with the most fundamental and most interesting fragments of the works from which they come, while the extensive and abundant commentaries explain even the most complicated problems concerning the history of dualism and dualist doctrines. Wokół źródeł słowiańskich narracji dualistycznychRecenzja nowej antologii Średniowieczne herezje dualistyczne na Bałkanach. Źródła słowiańskie, opracowanie, przekład i komentarz Georgi Minczew, Małgorzata Skowronek, Jan M. Wolski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2015, ss. 267. W zbiorze zamieszczono wybór najważniejszej literatury źródłowej z zakresu herezji dualistycznych. Starannie dobrane teksty prezentują najważniejsze i najbardziej interesujące fragmenty dzieł na omawiany temat. Rozbudowane komentarze objaśniają fundamentalne i najbardziej skomplikowane problemy dotyczące historii dualizmu i jego doktryny.
EN
The aim of the article is to observe the changes that have taken place in the aesthetics and functions of the Polish Film Chronicle after 1989. To capture the transformation in the message of the PFC, documents on the months-symbols of the Polish People’s Republic period were analysed. The research problem is the analysis of six sequences: three produced during communism [Party Position (12B/68) Gdańsk and Gdynia – after the December events (50B/70) and the end of the strike (36A/80)], and three sequences broadcast after 1989 [That August 35/90, Three Decembers 51/90 and March Days (11/90). The individual documents are analysed using a classic method of study of the chronicle, proposed by Siegfried Kracauer in his work „From Caligari to Hitler”. The analysis includes the following elements: image, words, music, and sound, and – an element added by the authors of the present study — sequences adjacent to this sequence. The film study analysis is complemented by non-source-based knowledge of the period in question. After 1989, the Polish Film Chronicle changed its character, using in its message previously unpublished materials and reducing the emphasis on role of the off-screen reader. Despite renouncing its status as a „propaganda tube”, it did not lose its impressive function. The PFC newsreels are described chronologically, according to the events told, which allows to capture both the changes that took place in the chronicles after 1989, but also the modifications that took place in newsreels broadcast during the Polish People’s Republic period.
EN
The aim of the article is to present The Warsaw Diary by Zinaida Gippius, published in 1969 and translated into Polish by Henryk Chłystowski (2010). Based on the analysis of Russian and Polish versions of the book, it can be concluded that Chłystowski retains in his translation four dimensions of the diary as a historical document: facts, opinions, author’s personal feelings and her subjective mentality.
EN
The Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791 has not yet been properly reflected in scientific literature despite the fact that in a certain way this last conflict between the Ottomans and the Holy Roman Empire „awakened the Balkans” and became a catalyst for the national liberation movement of the Serbs, which gained strength at the beginning of the 19th century. The territory of modern Serbia became a central theater of military actions in this difficult positional war, and those were the Serbs who ensured the success of many military operations of the Austrian troops. The war of 1788–1791 belonged to those conflicts, the history of which was written, so to speak, „in real time”, and this in many ways created certain stereotypes in the reproduction of the pattern of military actions. The one-sidedness and stereotyped nature of the narrative sources can be compensated by using large cartographic material – both published and stored in the archives of Austria, Hungary, Turkey, Ukraine, Russia, etc. Serbia as a theater of military actions is depicted on most of these maps and military topographical plans developed in the last quarter of the 18th century, but, with the exception of the Josephinian Land Survey, none of them have become the object of even cataloging and classification, not to mention its careful studying. Therefore, the00 proposed article is the first comprehensive attempt to summarize the information about cartographic sources regarding Serbian lands during the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791. As additional sources, to verify historical and geographical information, military topographical descriptions of Serbian lands compiled by the Austrian administration and periodicals of the war period were used.
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Istota i cele filozofii historii

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PL
Niniejszy esej stanowi zbiór podstawowych poglądów brytyjskiego filozofa Robina George’a Collingwooda na cele i zadania nauk historycznych. Zawiera krytykę ujmowania historii jako dyscypliny dążącej do ustanowienia ogólnych, rządzących biegiem dziejów, praw oraz jako dys­cypliny zmierzającej do odkrycia, realizowanego w dziejach, boskiego planu. Jest on próbą wy­ka­zania różnic między historią a filozofią historii, sztuką i nauką. Wyraża pogląd, że nie istnieje coś takiego jak czysty fakt historyczny, że nie jesteśmy w stanie, w sposób absolutny, poznać jakiegokolwiek faktu historycznego, mimo że wiedza o nim zwiększa się, oraz że myślenie histo­ryczne bazuje na percepcji. Konkluzją eseju jest myśl, że każdy historyk patrzy na przeszłość z własnego punktu widze­nia, a więc źródła, z jakich korzysta, i wnioski, do jakich dochodzi, będą się znacząco różniły od źródeł i wniosków innych historyków, oraz myśl, że każde wydarzenie historyczne jest niewy­czerpalne w tym sensie, że w rękach każdego nowego historyka przybiera inny kształt.
EN
This essay is a set of Robin George Collingwood’s basic reflections on the objectives and tasks of the historical sciences. It contains the critic of history as a discipline that aims at estab­lishing general laws, which rule the course of history, and as a discipline that aims at discovering a divine plan, which is realizing itself in history. It is an attempt to show the differences between history and the philosophy of history, art and science. It expresses the thought that there is no such thing as a pure historical fact, that absolute cognition of any historical fact is impossible, though the knowledge about it increases, and that historical thought is based on perception. The conclusion of this essay is twofold. First, it concludes that the idea that each historian looks at the past from his own point of view, therefore sources used by him, and inferences that he reaches, significantly differ from sources and inferences of other historians. Second, it concludes that the thought that any historical event is unexhausted, in the sense that, it takes another shape in the hands of every new historian.
EN
The article discusses the bases of the contemporary concept of the theory of sources. I have made an attempt at re-interpreting this basic concept of historical methodology based on the semiotic concept of signs and reality.
EN
The first half of twenty years of 17th Century is a period of gradual normalization of Polish and Turkish relations after the Great War of 1620-1621. Challenging the issue of Zaporowscy Cossacks and their looting expeditions in the Black Sea effectively was regarded as the pre-condition of success for this normalization process. The Republic of Poland tried to achieve both targets by means of the mission of Priest Krzysztof Zbaraski to Stambul in the years of 1622-1623, and the commission, as well as the subsequent military encounter with the Cossacks in 1625. Members of political elites were also sometimes directly involved in achieving those targets. This article presents three letters from Cracow Bishop Marcin Szyszkowski to the Governor of Kiev Tomasz Zamoyski. The letters being kept in custody of Zamoyski Archive affiliated to the Central State Historical Archives in Warsaw. Those letters were written in the years of 1623-1626 and referred to political issues. Apart from the factual content, they allow to learn about the attitude of Senator Marcin Szyszkowski, being the clergyman, to the said political and military events. They also expose personal relations between magnates and politicians. Therefore the letters incorporate themselves into the research on military and political history as well as the philosophy of life and the position of people of the Church as far as public life is concerned in the Republic of Poland of 17th Century.  
EN
Repeatedly raised demands for the need to draw up the lists of directories (liturgical calendars) and schematisms became an incentive to produce a catalogue of directories and schematisms of male and female religious orders existing in the territory of the Polish Republic. This work is based on part of a collection of these kinds of printed documents stored in the University Library KUL and covering the years 1690-2008. Its size is estimated to be around 600 titles, which places it among the largest collections of this type in academic libraries in Poland. The entire bibliographic material was divided into two parts, the first of which includes male religious orders and congregations and the other female religious orders and congregations. Titles are listed chronologically according to administrative units which were part of various religious orders. A short description of religious orders includes mainly administrative divisions, which facilitates the identification of individual printed documents. The Catalogue ... was preceded by an introduction, in which attempts were made to introduce general characteristics of the presented part of the collection: its internal structure, size, and various elements of bibliographic description.  
PL
Przedmiotem badań jest osiem kronik sporządzonych w pięciu grodzieńskich klasztorach w II połowie XVII i w XVIII w. Na podstawie analizy treści kronik i zastosowanego w nich sposobu przedstawiania świata autorka bada tematy i wątki w nich pominięte. Owe opuszczenia charakteryzują kroniki jako typ piśmiennictwa, ujawniają cele przyświecające ich spisywaniu, specyfikę autora-kronikarza, nadają szczególną wartość nietypowym informacjom znajdującym się w tych tekstach. There search is based on eight chronicles written down in five Grodno (Hrodna) monasteries in the second half of the seventeenth and in the eighteenth century. The content of the chronicles and the ways of its presentation allow the author to analyse the texts and find out topics and points missed. These omissions indicate chronicles as a literary genre, tell us about the goals of writing them down and about the specifics of the authors, give special value to any information included in the chronicles as an exception.
Path of Science
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2018
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vol. 4
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issue 5
3009-3019
RU
Статья посвящена научному творчеству известного российского и украинского историка, языковеда, педагога, археографа, археолога, профессора Киевской духовной академии Николая Ивановича Петрова (1840–1921). Определенная часть научных трудов ученого посвящена истории образования, в частности прошлому Киево-Могилянской академии (XVII – начало XIX вв.). Цель статьи – проанализировать технику изучения и обработки исторических источников, которую использовал Н. И. Петров в работах по истории образования. В результате проведенного исследования установлено, что Н. И. Петров на протяжении длительной практики историка-исследователя выработал определенные источниковедческие взгляды-принципы. Прежде всего, он отстаивал необходимость использования полноты источников при исследовании определенной проблематики и предпочитал ранее неизвестные документы. Показано, что ученый активно оперировал внешней и внутренней критикой письменных источников. Главные задачи первой, которые реализовывал Н. И. Петров в своих работах (в том числе и по истории образования), были: установление местонахождение письменного памятника, выяснения археографической и историографической судьбы документов, времени и места их написания, установление авторства источников, проведение типологизации источников, характеристика их репрезентативности. Доказывается, что внутренняя критика письменных источников, к которой прибегал ученый, заключалась, прежде всего, в установление достоверности приведенной в них информации и демонстрации генезиса содержательных компонентов документа. Отмечается, что в некоторых случаях внутреннюю критику определенного источника Н. И. Петров строил на основе психологической и индивидуализирующей интерпретации.
EN
The article is devoted to the scientific activity of the famous Russian and Ukrainian historian, linguist, teacher, archaeographer, archaeologist, professor of the Kiev Theological Academy Nikolai Ivanovich Petrov (1840-1921). A certain part of the scientific works of the scientist is devoted to the history of education, in particular to the history of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy (XVII - early XIX centuries). The purpose of the article is to analyze the technique of studying and processing historical sources, which N. I. Petrov used in his works on the history of education. As a result of the study, it was established that N. I. Petrov, during his long experience as a historian-researcher, developed certain principles and views on sources of knowledge. First of all, he defended the need to use the completeness of sources in the study of certain problems and preferred previously unknown documents. It is shown that the scientist actively used external and internal criticism of written sources. The main tasks of the first, implemented by N. I. Petrov in his works (including the history of education) were: the location of a written monument, the archeographic and historiographical fate of documents, the time and place of their writing, the establishment of the authorship of sources, the sources typology, the characteristics of their representativeness. It is proved that the internal criticism of written sources, to which the scientist resorted, consisted, first of all, in establishing the reliability of the information given in them and demonstrating the genesis of the content components of the document. It is noted that in some cases, N. I. Petrov built internal criticism of a certain source on the basis of a psychological and individualizing interpretation.
EN
Cemeteries are important sources of knowledge in historical research, especially social history of a specific area. Objects of sepulchral art, typically found in cemeteries (gravestones, tombs, chapels) with the original inscriptions and epitaphs, are unique sources which oftentimes enrich the obscure descriptive sources.
EN
The article concerns some aspect of the impact which psychoanalysis (depth psychology) had on the research practice of historiography. The author asks in what ways “psychoanalytic thinking” modified the handling of a historical source. He argues that the basis for the modification was a unique “hermeneutics of suspicion,” embedded in depth psychology. At the core of this hermeneutics is the attitude of a psychoanalytic therapist-a search for “a deeper meaning” of a particular psychopathological symptom, a meaning cunningly concealed but at the same time indirectly (and perversely) enacted and communicated by this symptom. The article identifies the main reasons for hermeneutics of suspicion penetrating historians’ way of thinking: “ontological” (connected with the specific view of the historical process adopted by historiographers of psychoanalytic sympathies) and “methodological” (related to the discovery and affirmation of the methodological “kinship” between researching history and practicing psychoanalysis). The author further argues that, contrary to superficial readings, psychoanalytic hermeneutics of suspicion is not just a radicalized version of the critical attitude towards the source, which by default marks scientific historiography in its various forms, but that it goes beyond it in important ways. The article considers also various practical consequences of the presence of this kind of hermeneutics in handling historical sources.
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