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EN
The objective of the paper is to present Russian anniversaries that commemorate important historical events as phenomena with a dual, rhetorical and ironic character. Rhetoric and irony are used with reference to individuals as well as imagined communities, such as nations. The memory of some historical events, or the lack of such memory, as well as the manners of referring to these events or ignoring them, result in the transformation of what community members think about themselves and their entanglement in common existence and fate. Therefore, changes of remembrance and oblivion, recollection or forgetting can integrate or disintegrate, intensifying the pride or shame of one’s national identity, which eventually results in satisfaction or frustration, and sometimes in a sense of superiority or inferiority. Pride and satisfaction are produced by rhetoric, while shame and frustration – by irony. Sometimes rhetorical-ironic playing with the past assumes particular significance, becoming an exceptionally important factor in social and political life. This phenomenon strongly intensified in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century, becoming a veritable ‘anniver- sary-mania’, and in 2012, which President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev, de- clared the Year of Russian History. The periods analyzed in the paper are around one hundred years apart. Russian society has totally changed over this period, mainly as a result of the revolution, two world wars and several decades of communist rule. In 1990, the Russian Federation was established, a state with an authoritarian-democratic hybrid of a political system. Despite these transformations, modern Russians repeat numerous set behavioral patterns from the beginning of the 20th century. These patterns are used by the advocates of affirmative as well as critical approaches to the history of Russia and the current social and political situation in the country.
EN
The article is devoted to texts which appeared in connection with the cult of Tsarevna Sophia Alekseyevna (1657-1704). It has been established that the veneration of Sophia, associated with the Moscow Novodevichy Convent, did not start until the 21st century. An analysis of the prehistory of this cult shows that before the revolution, in Soviet times, the the Novodevichy Convent preserved the memory of Sophia and displayed objects associated with her, yet this memory of Sophia was of a local history nature. Elements of religious worship were not present there. At the beginning of the 21st century, a certain cult arose around one of the Convent’s towers: people who came there wrote messages addressed to Sofia on the wall. It was a secular cult that was not supported by the Church, so there are no well-composed prayers to Sophia, on which the authors of the inscriptions could have relied on. A study of the corpus of inscriptions copied in 2010-2014 shows that these texts were written in Russian, but their authors used stylistic markers, which, in their opinion, endowed these appeals with the status of a prayer. The language and stylistic features of the inscriptions are openly eclectic in nature: here one can notice both prayer formulas and attempts to imitate conjurations, as well as appeals to the modern epistolary style. Moreover, the authors of the texts were convinced that they were writing correct prayers addressed to the saint.
RU
Монография известного польского историка, публициста и политического деятеля Яна Кухажевского (1876–1952) была опубликована в 1920-е–1930-е гг. в семи томах и считается одним из наиболее масштабных творений польской и зарубежной историографии, посвящённых России, её государственному и общественному развитию. В ближайшие годы книга увидит свет на русском языке, а концепция автора остаётся актуальной и в наши дни.
EN
The monograph of the famous Polish historian, journalist and politician Jan Kucharzewski (1876–1952) was published in the 1920s–1930s in seven volumes and is considered one of the most significant works of Polish and foreign historiography devoted to Russia, its state and social development. In coming years, the book will be published in Russian, and the author’s conception remains relevant to this day.
EN
The article contains analysis of Feliks Łoyko’s thesis (1717-1779) „Recherches sur les titres portés en différents tems par les souverains de Russie et de Moscovie” (manuscript preserved at the Czartoryski Library in Kraków, No. 1118). Łoyko’s text was mainly an attempt to complete and elaborate Martin Schmeizel’s concept (1679-1747), and also of Karol Wyrwicz (1717-1793), although preliminary research did not enable him to significantly deepen nor formulate anew all the discussed topics. The unfinished writings of Łoyko are probably a working version of the text conceived as a polemic brochure, prepared in stages (from app. 1768 to app. 1772), a brochure which was tightly connected with the situation of the Polish-Lithuanian Republic at that time. Łoyko’s source-based deliberations are an element of a whole sequence of publishing initiatives that began already in the 40s of the 18th century and which referred to a scientific programme announced by Józef Andrzej Załuski in the brochure Programma Literarium... (Warsaw 1732).
EN
The aim of the study is a discussion of the roots of Russian anarchism and its transformations in the course of the 1860s and 1870s. In the sense of the observation of anarchism in Russian space, the work has an analytical character. At the same time, it contains elements of synthesis and comparison, which place it into the wider European contexts. The study relies mainly on the primary literature, the authors of which were the followed Russian anarchists and the edited sources, but it respects the conclusions of the secondary literature, especially of neglected Russian provenience in the Czech milieu.
RU
Среди формулируемых в последние десятилетия разнообразных видений российского будущего, обращает на себя внимание – предлагаемая некоторыми представителями западни-чески ориентированной части интеллигенции – дихотомическая формула: конец или новое начало истории России. Несмотря на то, что субъективный замысел ее авторов выражает ради-кальное дистанцирование от российского прошлого, ряд содержаний, присутствующих – пред-полагаемых – в мыслительных структурах их концепций демонстрирует симптоматичное по-добие ментальных оснований, структур и условий, совместно создающих как раз это прошлое, механизмы его продолжения и саморепродукции.
EN
Among the formulated in the last decades various visions of the Russian future, attention is drawn to – presented by some representatives of the Occidentalistically oriented part of the intelligentsia – the dichotomous formula: the end or the new beginning of the Russian history. Although the subjective intent of its authors expresses a radical distance to the Russian history, some content presented – assumed – in the mental structures of their idea shows the symptomatic similarity to the mental foundations, structures and conditions that contribute to history, the mechanisms of its continuation and self-reproduction.
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