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1

Kto wyrzuca pieniądze przez okno – czyli potlacz w archeologii

100%
Gralak T.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
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2022
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vol. 70
57-74
EN
The article analyses various archaeologically perceptible methods of withdrawing goods from circulation. This phenomenon is known as potlatch. Its social and economic context was considered on the basis of various prehistoric cultures in Central Europe. It is pointed out that this is a phenomenon typical of a peripheral economy and a hierarchical social structure.
2

Skarby zachodnioruskie doby przedmongolskiej

100%
Liwoch R.
Materiały Archeologiczne
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2013
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vol. 39
7-31
EN
The article is devoted to the finds interpreted as Rus’ hoards from the 10th to 13th century, discovered in western Ukraine (regions: Ìvano-Frankìvs´k, L´vìv, Rìvne, Ternopìl´, Volins´kij). They encompass the hoards from groups III and IV, according to the classification by G. F. Korzuhina, which date back respectively to the 11th – 11th/12th c. and the 1170s – 1240; and group II from the 2nd half of the 10th – 10th /11th c., because the discussed territory was then undoubtedly connected with Kievan Rus’ forming on the Dnieper, and later was gradually incorporated into it. The catalogue contains the list of all the finds; in the analytical section, however, typological-chronological remarks refer only to the selected items which are relatively well presented in literature.
3

The perspective of physical space in a study of hoards from the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age

88%
Maciejewski M.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
|
2015
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vol. 67
67-76
EN
Hoards make one of the most mysterious categories of archaeological finds known from the Bronze Age and the early Iron Age. Doubts about their function should encourage researchers to use as wide information range as possible to understand the phenomenon. However, there are still few studies concerning their relationships with the settlement network or cultural landscape. The paper focuses on regularities in the location of deposits of bronze or iron artefacts, drawing on the results of research into metal deposits from the late (Lusatian) Bronze Age and the early Iron Age in the South Baltic Coastland and Lake Districts
4
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“Swords drunk with the blood of the slain” (GH, Mag. Rogerii…, p. 211). Traces of destruction. The archaeological remains of the Mongol invasion of Hungary

75%
Vargha M.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
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2017
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vol. LII
5
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Coins of the 10th and 11th Centuries in the Collection of the Ossolinski National Institute (Ossolineum)

75%
Butent-Stefaniak B., Butent-Stefaniak B.
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
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2020
6

The symbolism of hoard deposition places in the landscape of the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age in the zone of the South Baltic Coastland and Lake Districts

75%
Maciejewski M.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2017
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vol. 69
113-132
EN
In different cultures the world is described by a variety of signs and symbols. Equally important as reading their meaning is an attempt to describe the relationships between them. Often seemingly unrelated elements of culture are linked by relations on a symbolic level. Research on the relationship between hoards (late Bronze Age and early Iron Age) and local settlement networks indicate such a symbolic connection between border and metal. Understanding these relationships is possible mainly thanks to empirical research yet it would not be possible without analysing the perception of borders and metal, as well as phenomena such as territoriality and the valorization of ‘foreign’ objects, places and people.
7
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Srebro pierwszych Piastów. Uwagi w związku z książką Dariusza Adamczyka

63%
Duczko W.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2020
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vol. 127
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issue 2
PL
Srebro w formie monet, ozdób i innych przedmiotów było od VIII do XII w. głównym metalem szlachetnym w Europie, mającym różne funkcje, tak ekonomiczne, jak i symboliczne oraz religijne. Jedną z manifestacji tego znaczenia było deponowanie, w niektórych miejscach, w ziemi zbiorów przedmiotów ze srebra. Recenzowana książka poświęcona jest studiom nad rolą srebra w procesie powstawania państwa Piastów.
EN
Silver as coins, jewellery and other items was between the eighth and twelfth centuries one of the most important noble metals in Europe, with different functions, both economic and symbolic ones. One of its manifestations was, in some places, burying silver items underground. The reviewed book is devoted to research into the role played by silver in the process of formation of the Piast State.
8
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Roman denarii in the Bogaczewo and Sudovian cultures

63%
Zapolska A.
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
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2008
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vol. 52
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issue 2(186)
139-165
PL
Denary oraz inne monety srebrne należą do rzadkości wśród znalezisk z terenów kultury bogaczewskiej i sudowskiej. Wśród przeważającej masy sesterców stanowią niewielki procent wszystkich znalezisk. Znajdowane były przede wszystkim na cmentarzyskach (w grobach oraz luźno na powierzchni) i skarbach. Sporadycznie występowały na terenie osad. W znaleziskach grobowych występują, podobnie jak sesterce, wraz z zabytkami typowymi dla późnego okresu wpływów rzymskich. Są to również najczęściej monety bite w I i II wieku po Chr., co sugeruje, że napłynęły w tym samym czasie, co monety brązowe. W znaleziskach gromadnych mogą występować wraz z monetami brązowymi (np. depozyt ze Skandawy) lub w skarbach jednorodnych. W tym przypadku pula monet srebrnych również pokrywa się z pulą monet brązowych - przeważają tu monety bite za panowania dynastii Antoninów, a najstarsze emitowane były za panowania Wespazjana. Przyczyną występowania denarów w kręgu zachodniobałtyjskim były najprawdopodobniej kontakty plemion zachodniobałtyjskich z germańskimi sąsiadami - przedstawicielami kultury wielbarskiej. Pod uwagę należy również wziąć możliwość, że napływ monet srebrnych na tereny kultury bogaczewskiej i sudowskiej mógł odbywać się za pośrednictwem Sambii, gdzie denary napłynąć mogły ze Skandynawii.
EN
Since the majority of coins found on the territory of the Bogaczewo and Sudovian cultures are sestertii, the bulk of silver coins sum up to only a few percent of all coin finds. They have been discovered mainly on the cemetries (in graves and as surface finds) and in hoards. They have been scarcely found in settlements. Grave finds yielded silver coins, just like sestertii, along with other artefacts charactersitic for late Roman period. The fact that all these silver coins and sestertii are dated to 1st to 2nd century A.D. suggests that they could have come simultanously. Silver coins have appeared both in homogenous hoards and together with copper-alloy coins, as in the case of Scandava and other collective finds. The bulk of silver coins from collective finds is also similar to the bulk of copper-alloy coins: the oldest coins are dated to Vespasian’s reign and the majority of coins are dated to the Antonines period. Denarii appeared in the West Balts circle as a result of the contacts between the Balt tribes and the representatives of German tribes from the Wielbark culture. We should also consider another direction of the influx of denarii to the Bogaczewo and Sudovian cultures, i.e. through Sambia, where they could have come from Scandinavia (2 maps, 3 tables, 6 diagrams).
9
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Recording recent Roman coin finds from Poland (2004-2007)

51%
Dymowski A.
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
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2008
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vol. 52
|
issue 2(186)
195-208
EN
The number of new, amateur finds of Roman coins have been increasing rapidly in recent years. Researchers generally agree that coins from amateur finds are fully legitimate numismatic sources. It is estimated that non-archaeologists made no less than 90% of old discoveries of Roman coins from the area of central Barbaricum. This is also true for the beginning of the 21st century. The disadvantage of this situation lies in the fact that the lack of information about the context of most of the amateur finds significantly decrease their source value for archaeology. However, the mass representation of the material is a big advantage. In order to obtain more data on new discoveries from Poland, it was necessary to develop a project that would allow for collecting anonymous information about finds of Roman coins. The scheme of action was thus based on two kinds of activities. One of them involved searching information about the new discoveries of coins on the Internet and then expanding and verifying these data. The other involved propagating the project of recording finds as wide as it was possible in order to encourage finders to pass as much information about their discoveries as possible. During the realisation of the project, from May 2004 to November 2007, the number of 518 pieces of anonymous information had been gathered. This material comprised of 1,028 Roman coins from 448 finds. Among the newly reported finds, there were: 11 treasures and 437 small finds (113 group finds and 324 single finds). Basing on the collected data, we may assume that single finds of Roman coins are relatively rare in Poland, which can mean that they usually appear in a broader archaeological context. Unfortunately, in most cases we have no information about the context whatsoever. Some interesting observations on the collected material are worth mentioning here: • Republican denarii quite frequently occurred in small finds; • Denarii subaeratii also occurred quite frequently; we may assume that no less than 10 percent of all small finds of Roman denarii in Poland were in fact denarii subaeratii; • Three hoards similar to Drzewicz hoard were discovered in the basin of Bzura river, which may suggest that there were “Drzewicz type” hoards in that area; • The example of four hoards found in the Polish Jura suggests that hoards deposited on this territory in the Migration Period often contained a number of denarii and jewelry, including gold coins adapted for pendants. General methods of critical approach to such new material are still being developed, since information regarding the coins and the circumstances of their discovery happened sometimes to be, no matter if intentionally or not, false or distorted. Registration activities were continued in 2008 which resulted in capturing two important single finds: a siliqua of Constantius II discovered in a field in the village Prusice (commune Złotoryja) and a solidus of Arcadius found in a field in Rotmanka in the suburbs of Gdansk (6 figures, 2 tables).
10
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Brązy ze Słupi – historia niedokończona

45%
Andrzejowska M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2017
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vol. LXVIII
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issue 68
119-145
EN
The State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (PMA) has in its collections two striking Hallstatt bronze pieces (Fig. 1) recorded as “presumably from Słupia Nowa, Kielce County (PMA/III/5701). They had been purchased for the Museum in 1928 from G. Soubise-Bisier (1849–1937), Warsaw antiquarian, with an information that they came “from Słupia, from Wilczewski’s collection – presumably Leonard Tallen-Wilczewski (1857–1933 or 1935), a Warsaw lawyer. The Archaeological Museum in Cracow (MAK) has in its keeping a group of bronzes which in the inventory registers and catalogue are provenanced to Słupia Nowa vel Nowa Słupia (MAK/7653). Listed under one number are three objects which correspond chronologically and typologically to the pieces now in Warsaw, and two other artefacts whose association with the same assemblage raises some reservation. All of them used to be part of the collection of Bolesław Podczaszyński (1822–1876), a Warsaw architect, archaeologist and collector of antiquities whose holdings were sold in 1880 from his heirs to the Academy of Learning in Cracow. Both groups (the Warsaw and the Cracow one) were published as finds from Słupia Nowa, County Kielce, vel Sandomierz Region, by J. Kostrzewski (1964, p. 66, 67–68, fig. 87) in an article in which he presented and discussed Bronze Age and Early Iron Age metal finds from the middle and southern area of the Warta and the Vistula drainages. Basing on differences in their appearance (type of patina) Kostrzewski concluded that the bronzes originally belonged to two group finds (hoards). Hoard I supposedly included the two pieces now in Warsaw and two from the Cracow group, with a ‘water’ patina (Fig. 2:2.4–6), while Hoard II included the three other Cracow specimens with a green patina (Fig. 2:1). Moreover, Kostrzewski concluded that Hoard I included two almost identical spiral bracelets, one of which is at present in the Cracow, the other in Warsaw. The present paper proposes to revisit the attribution of the bronzes of interest into two ‘hoards’, basing on the criteria adopted by J. Kostrzewski to see if it is fully corroborated by the history of this whole set, of which the composition in any case also raises doubts, hindering the analysis and interpretation of these finds. Additionally, analysis is made of the reasons for various shortcomings in the way the pieces were presented in the publication of Kostrzewski, with serious consequences for their attribution. Answers to some of the questions raised, particularly those concerning the circumstances of discovery of the artefacts, and their acquisition and recording in a succession of collections (private ones at first, then public), were found in the now widely accessible archival resources of the museums in Cracow and Warsaw, as well as in the works of archaeological and historical literature from the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Especially helpful were exhibition catalogues of antiquities and reports published in contemporary daily press and periodicals. Invaluable insight was furnished when our knowledge of the discussed bronzes was compared against the archival record in the legacy of B. Podczaszyński, now in the Museum in Cracow, and inventories of the Museum of Archaeology attached to the Academy of Learning (since 1919, Polish Academy of Learning). What our analysis established is that the group addressed by J. Kostrzewski in his publication included three Hallstatt bronzes, definitely previously owned by B. Podczaszyński, and earlier still, by the amateur finder Józef Bałandowicz of Radom: an ankle-ring folded from a thick bronze bar (type Stanomin), a heavy, twisted neckring with loop terminals, a spiral ribbon bracelet which in 1852 passed F. M. Sobieszczański (1814–1878), a Warsaw historian and journalist (Fig. 2:1–3). Podczaszyński is named as owner of these pieces as early as 1856 at the time of their display at the first great exhibition of antiquities and artwork held in Warsaw. They were published in the exhibition catalogue and discussed in texts dedicated to it. Podczaszyński recorded (Fig. 5, 6) that they had been discovered in Sandomierz (the bracelet) and at Słupia Nowa (the others). In the exhibition catalogue the site of the discovery Podczaszyński described very generally as Sandomierz Region. This shows that he was not certain as to the location of discovery of these bronzes. After B. Podczaszyński’s death in 1876, but before the sale to the Academy of Learning, his collection were put into order. Index cards with descriptions of individual pieces were made out and numbered, which duplicated or supplemented notes made out by Podczaszyński – “neckring, “armlet (spiral bracelet) and “ring (ankle-ring), i.e. pieces known from the Warsaw exhibition, were assigned numbers 71, 74 and 124 (Fig. 6). The value of the collection was estimated, complete with extensive and general lists of the pieces and their valuation. However, as a result of errors made when identifying the artefacts and when recording the contents of the collection, upon its entry to the museum of the Academy of Learning the set of artefacts named earlier was augmented by three objects of unknown provenance, namely: a plain rod bracelet, belonging earlier to Tadeusz Zieliński, a collector from Kielce, and two fragments of obliquely grooved early medieval Balt neckrings with angular terminals (Fig. 3), presumably from the ‘Livonian’ part of Podczaszyński’s collection. In an inventory book completed around 1890 by G. Ossowski, the whole group is described as stray finds “from Słupianowa. J. Kostrzewski, on his visit to Cracow presumably in the 1920s, personally recorded the archaeological objects placed in one assemblage by Ossowski. However, Kostrzewski had had no access to Podczaszyński’s archival papers or to early inventory books or some nineteenth century publications. This led him to describe and sketch in his card file all the recorded objects as a group of ornaments from “Słupia Nowa (Fig. 4). In his 1964 publication he had been drawing on his notes and on the photographs of most artefacts made available to him, but the latter were not explicit enough. In the numbered card file of Podczaszyński’s collection there are two more index cards, marked with numbers 237 and 238, on which were recorded two other pieces found “in the village of Słupia Nowa in the proximity of Kielce (Fig. 7). But at present they (“arm ring and “coil) are not to be found in the collection of the Cracow museum. The analysis of the archival documentation related to Podczaszyński’s collections and evidence furnished by e.g., the catalogue of artefacts exhibited in 1876 at Pest during an international congress of anthropology and archaeology suggests that these are the same as the two pieces now found in Warsaw. The bronzes from Podczaszyński’s collection, presumably also acquired from Bałandowicz, disappeared in unknown circumstances, presumably after his death, and before the sale of the collection to Cracow. It is likely that they were purchased by an unknown amateur antiquarian of Warsaw when after Podczaszyński’s death, Teodor Ziemięcki (1845–1919), a member of the Academy of Learning, proposed to purchase the pieces from his collection and present them to public institutions in Warsaw in a noble attempt to prevent the scattering of this valuable collection. The predecessor of Wilczewski and Soubise-Bisier, previous owner of bronzes now in the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, remains unknown. It is certain only that these artefacts entered that museum only half a century later. J. Kostrzewski (Fig. 8) presumably examined and sketched them in the 1930s, when they were part of the permanent display of the State Archaeological Museum. After the war, until the time of their publication, he had had no access to them; after the wartime misadventures of the collection of the Warsaw museum the bronzes “from Słupia were identified and catalogued only in the early 1970s. This would explain their incomplete description and poor quality illustrations in Kostrzewski’s publication which do not convey the actual appearance of these objects. It may be concluded therefore that out of the objects which J. Kostrzewski had published as two hoards from Słupia Nowa five are pieces from the collection of B. Podczaszyński, discovered most likely near today’s Nowa Słupia, in Kielce County (Fig. 2:1–3.5.6). There is no sufficient basis to attribute them to one, possibly to two assemblages (hoards). Nevertheless, the current appearance of the spiral bracelet held by the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (gold-brown, but with some green patina residue) and the information handed down by Podczaszyński about the original appearance of the bracelet now in the Archaeological Museum in Cracow (reportedly covered by a patina) suggest that these two almost identical ornaments could indeed have been discovered together. It is also feasible that they could have formed a set (a single find) with the other objects now in the Cracow museum, covered with a noble patina: the neckring and the ankle-ring, decorated similarly as the bracelets, with designs typical for metalwork provenaced to the workshops in the Kujawy Region. Outstanding in this group is the ankle-ring now in the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw with a residue of a ‘water’ patina (which was almost fully removed during conservation), and equally importantly, a decoration characteristic for ankle rings type Stanomin, Mazowsze variant, not encountered so far in the area of Kielce and Sandomierz.
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