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EN
The purpose of this paper is to describe the musical concept of angel singing and the iconography of angel horns in the culture of Russian Old Believers in the 19th century. From the mid-17th century, the Old Believers rejected the new customs of the Muscovite official Church, including musical traditions, and accepted only vocal music. Musical instruments in Old Russian and Old Believer art depicted on icons and miniatures were based primarily on Byzantine models. Further examples can be given from the Book of the Apocalypse and on eschatological icons, which show angels playing the horn. The article discusses items from a 19th century Apocalypse from the collection of the National Library in Warsaw and icons from the National Museum in Warsaw. Angels with horns announce the approaching of the Last Judgement. These images are symbolic in meaning and do not refer to musical practices.
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Apokaliptyczny Smok

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EN
In the Book of Revelation there are many symbols with broad meaning. The dragon is one of them. He is also one of the forms taken by Satan. This being represents a plenitude of malevolent forces opposing humans and God. The number of the dragon’s heads as well as horns and diadems is not accidental. They have their hidden meaning, not only emphasizing the might and aggression of the monster. They find their hidden meaning in the Old Testament as well. Although attributes indicate enormous strength, but at the same time they show weakness and finiteness in the creature in reference to God. The author of the Book of Revelation presenting the image of the dragon is inspired by the character of Leviathan, biblical beasts and monsters from other religious circles. At the same time, he create his own image of a monster.
PL
W Apokalipsie pojawia się wiele symboli o szerokim znaczeniu. Do takich należy Smok. Taką postać może przybrać szatan. Ta istota reprezentuje mnogość wrogich sił, przeciwstawiających się ludziom i Bogu. Liczba głów Smoka, a także rogów i diademów nie jest przypadkowa. Mają swoje ukryte znaczenie, nie tylko podkreślające potęgę i agresję potwora. Znajdują swoje odniesienie w Starym Testamencie. Choć atrybutywskazują na ogromną siłę, to jednocześnie pokazują słabość i skończoność stworzenia względem Boga. Autor Apokalipsy w obrazie Smoka inspiruje się postacią Lewiatana, biblijnymi bestiami, a także potworami z innych kręgów religijnych. Tworzy przy tym własny obraz potwora.
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