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EN
As a conceptual framework, UNRRA referred to one of the four freedoms (freedom from want) mentioned by Franklin D. Roosevelt in a speech given in Congress on January 6, 1946. In the first section, the article presents early attempts to coordinate assistance for the civilian population during World War II (The Committee of Supplies and The Inter-Allied Committee on European Post-War Requirements). The scale of actions taken was very small and insufficient. In January 1942, the USSR proposed the creation of an international organization that would collect information on raw materials and food. This initiative prompted Washington and London to launch a separate competitive project. The organization’s task was to bring help until the state gained economic independence. Therefore, the organization’s goal was not to rebuild the areas affected by war damage in the long term (rehabilitation not reconstruction). In the main part, the article presents the basic issues in dispute when creating the principle of allocating aid, for example, the requirement of consent of the receiving state to receive gifts or the composition of organs of the organization. For this purpose, the exchange of notes between Washington and London was analyzed. Differences of opinions delayed the signing of the contract which did not take place until November 1943.
EN
The article discusses the issues of hunger and insatiability both in the literal and metaphorical sense, the latter in the works by Franz Kafka, particularly in his short story The Hunger Artist. The author attempts to find parallels between Kafka’s selected works and his biography.
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This short working paper is my first attempt to present my concept analysis of relation between the poverty experiences – e.g. childhood suffering by war and migration background, daily life suffering by starvation, abuse, racism etc. – and the process of self-understanding and resilience with the help of an oral history or literature (non-fiction as much as fiction novels). I reflect Wilhelm Dilthey’s opinion about the distinction between autobiography and Self-biography, and I present the Self-biography as a right way to concretize the themes of poverty and exclusion.
EN
Adolfo Veber Tkalčević (1825–1889) a Croatian philologist, writer, passionate traveler and a Catholic clergyman is the author of the first Croatian account of the travel to the Croatian “Lake District” Put na Plitvice (Road to Plitvice, 1860). As a travel narrative, this book has a “worldbuilding” potential, introducing the Plitvice Lakes to Croatian culture, to the national landscape. In this article, I focus on the culinary theme of the trip. One of its side goals was savouring the trouts, but throughout the entire trip the tables of wanderers did not want to fill with them, offering the text-forming abundance instead. The journey “around the empty table” is a kind of self-portrait of “explorers” ready for a “heroic” attitude for the common good. Bearing in mind the specificity of Croatian Romanticism, which this work represents, I read the text in a cultural, anthropological and identity context, referring to the classics of discourse, and devoting less attention to travel studies.
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EN
The aim of this article is to enumerate the main types of discourses in which the phenomenon of hunger is represented. These are following: culture of hunger (an anthropological and ethnological term describing cultural formations based on the problem of famine), politics of hunger (starvation used for political reasons), poetics of hunger (hunger as a component of a piece of art). The question about the difference between the presence of hunger (hunger’s narrative) and the representation of hunger (narrative of hunger) is the main problem of this essay. Brejnak claims that on the one hand, there is no unnarrated hunger (a natural/pure hunger) in cultural communication. On the other hand, he underlines that the experience of hunger as such is non-transitive and verbally inexpressible.
EN
This article elaborates on the topic of food in the context of an armed conflict. It asks what happens to the social actor and his/hers „everyday bread“ in the conditions of extreme hunger and overall material scarcity? Using the example of eating practices during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s the author explores the issue of everyday subsistence strategies during the radical structural changes. She developes a thesis, that the ability of improvisation and the knowledge of the natural environment in the time of crises, significantly increases a chance of survival. Moreover, She also argues that in some situations food can be used as a tool of power and a marker of social exclusion. In extreme cases, targeted groups and individuals can be intentionally starved out. These research conclusions are based on author‘s longterm ethnographic and historical research in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the town of Srebrenica and Sarajevo.
EN
The article is a discussion of the work of Joanna Grądziel-Wójcik: Zmysł formy. Sytuacje, przypadki, interpretacje polskiej poezji XX wieku. The author combines many research perspectives, which results in many revealing insights regarding Polish poetry of the 20th century. They are derived from a careful analysis of poetic statements placed in a wide field of historical, social and metaphysical problems. The author of the review pays particular attention to Joanna Grądziel-Wójcik’s style and to her sensitivity to semantic and figural strategies, whose interpretation leads to surprising historical and literary conclusions.
EN
The aim of the paper was to isolate, from countries where there is the biggest problem of malnutrition, groups which are similar according to the food situation. The research was based on the data of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The analysis covered 115 countries, where according to the FAO there is the highest level of malnutrition. The method of comparative analysis was used in the research and the process of grouping of countries according to the determinants of food situation was conducted with the use of cluster analysis. The research applied to the period 2012-2014. The typology of the countries let us to identify the most important factors determining the food situation in each cluster. There are historical events, national wealth or poverty which was accumulated over the time, natural conditions, as well as cultural and political conditions. Examples of relatively rich countries, where the malnutrition problem also appears, indicate the importance of income inequality.
PL
Celem artykułu było wyodrębnienie, spośród państw w których występuje problem niedożywienia, grup zbliżonych ze względu na sytuację żywieniową ludności. Badanie przeprowadzone zostało w oparciu o dane Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych do spraw Wyżywienia i Rolnictwa (FAO). Analizie poddano 115 państw, w których według Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych do spraw Wyżywienia i Rolnictwa występuje najwyższy poziom niedożywienia. Wykorzystana została metoda analizy porównawczej, a grupowanie państw w oparciu o zmienne determinujące sytuację żywnościową ludności zostało przeprowadzone metodą analizy skupień. Zakres czasowy badania obejmował lata 2012-2014. Podział poszczególnych krajów na utworzone grupy typologiczne pozwala na wskazanie najważniejszych czynników kształtujących sytuację żywnościową ludności. Są to zaszłości historyczne i akumulowane przez wiele lat bogactwo narodowe lub bieda, warunki przyrodnicze, uwarunkowania kulturowe i polityczne. Przykłady relatywnie bogatych krajów, w których występuje niedożywienie wskazują również na duże znaczenie nierówności dochodowych.
EN
This article seeks to answer the following question: Can the history of Polish society provide the basis for developing the contemporary ethics of self-restraints? The author refers to folk history research from recent years, discussing hunger, cold and the constant fear for biological survival as the fate of the majority of people living in the Polish lands until the mid-twentieth century. She wonders how crude necessity could contribute to the formation of an attitude of conscious choice in modern people who are aware of the burden of their complicated legacy. While the article does not provide clear-cut answers, it points out the paradoxical bond in the fate of people from different epochs and the fear of catastrophe as a repetitive experience. At the same time, she shows that nowadays at least we have a choice as to what ethical approach to adopt with respect to the latter.
EN
The study outlines the capturing of prisoners by the Red Army taking control over Transylvania in the fall of 1944. It presents the second wave of capturing: the deportations in January-February 1945, pronouncedly oriented toward the German community (Transylvanian Saxons and Swabians) primarily living in the Banat. There are described the circumstances of capturing the prisoners, the number of those taken away, the routes of their deportation, the locations and lengths of their captivity, the number of the victims, and the return of the survivors. Finally, the remembrance of the 1945 Soviet deportations, their present social embeddedness is expounded. The source material of the study consists of specialist books, essays, published recollections, and interviews with survivors made by the author and other researchers
EN
In his short novel published before À Rebours, entitled À vau-l’eau, Huysmans tells a story of a protagonist unable to find good food. His quest for a passable restaurant remains unfulfilled, and joins other unfulfilled needs linked to his social life. It becomes clear that behind this quest, told with numerous details and a significant emphasis, there are other, more profound needs that Huysmans will name, more and more directly, in his post-naturalist novels. At the deepest level, the quest comes down to the impossibility to accept life’s difficulties, its duality, and to the wound of an unhappy childhood and a lost mother, so little named and therefore so present in Huysmans’ works.
EN
The term Sozial Frage, as well as “pauperization”, became popular in public discussion in the 1830s during the transformation of the feudal, guild and agrarian society into the democratic and capitalist one. As a result the institution of the family disappeared, at least as a productive and social unit, which guaranteed protection and safety; on the other hand, the number of population increased significantly, accompanied by big migrations from villages to towns, and a huge emigration, especially to the USA. The enormous deregulation of the production relations brought about a loss of sense of safety; it affected mainly the lower classes and workers. New phenomena appeared: unemployment, industrial accidents, many people fell into poverty as a result of diseases. On the other hand, the workers’ wages were very low in comparison to the elementary needs. The capitalism of that time meant mainly a rapid economic growth, but the threats and opportunities were very unequally divided – very few were given the opportunities and chances, whereas very many the threats and risks. The workers’ wages were growing faster than the prices, but the areas of poverty and pauperization, not covered by any protection or social care, were enormous. The housing conditions were awful, the food was very poor, which was a consequence of migration to towns from villages where both things were usually better; in towns food expenses ate up almost all the wages. Another question resulting from poverty was child labour, quite common in the 19th century. In craftsman and peasant families women had no time to look after their children. Peasants and craftsmen still used to think that their children should be accustomed to the jobs inherited from their parents as soon as possible. Child labour in the country and in factories was widespread, which delayed the dissemination of common education. In spite of that, in the first half of the 19th century Darwinian ideology was still alien to the Prussians. The early liberalism was based on the pre-industrialism and patriarchal ideas, and it was craft in the centre of such thinking, not industry. It was considered that all the people after receiving education and acquiring property became citizens. There was class consciousness, but the class structure of society was thought to be temporary. Before 1848 the Prussians knew about the English pauperism and tried to avoid it in their country turning to state’s interventionism, which at that time was not a taboo subject. It was analyzed how taxes might relieve the poorest. However, those ideas were rejected, at the earliest in the Rhineland. The liberal trends became stronger and stronger. It was them Karl Marx meant when he said that capitalism destroys all the values, including religion, and the only one that is left is profit.
EN
The aim of the paper is to present the food security situation in selected highly developed countries and to identify consumption disparities between them and developing countries. The research is based on the data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat), the United Nations Statistics Division, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Food Programme (WFP) and selected measures used by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) for the construction of the Global Food Security Index. It has been showed that to the greatest extent the problem of maintaining food security occur in developing countries which are characterised by low per capita income, while in developed countries the scale of hunger is marginal and it afflicts less than 1% of the population. On a regional scale the daily dietary energy supply is greater than the minimum dietary energy requirement in all regions of the world, but the extent to which the dietary needs are satisfied increases along with the increase in national income. In order to reduce the problem of hunger it is necessary to solve the problem of asymmetrical distribution of global income, e.g. by taking actions to accelerate the economic growth in less developed regions and increase the purchasing power of the population.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie sytuacji wyżywieniowej wybranych krajów wysokorozwiniętych i określenie dysproporcji występujących w tym zakresie pomiędzy nimi i państwami rozwijającymi się. W badaniach wykorzystano dane Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych ds. Wyżywienia i Rolnictwa (FAO), Urzędu Statystycznego Wspólnot Europejskich (Eurostat), Wydziału Statystyki ONZ, Organizacji Współpracy Gospodarczej i Rozwoju (OECD), Światowego Programu Żywnościowego (WFP) oraz wybrane mierniki cząstkowe stosowane przez Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) przy konstrukcji Światowego Indeksu Bezpieczeństwa Żywnościowego (Global Food Security Index). Wskazano, że z największym nasileniem problemy z utrzymaniem bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego występują w krajach rozwijających się, o niskim poziomie dochodów per capita, natomiast w krajach wysokorozwiniętych głód ujawnia się w skali marginalnej, dotykając niespełna 1% populacji. W wymiarze regionalnym spożycie energii przewyższa minimalne dzienne zapotrzebowanie na nią we wszystkich regionach świata, ale stopień zaspokojenia potrzeb żywnościowych zwiększa się wraz ze wzrostem dochodu narodowego. Zredukowanie problemu głodu wymaga rozwiązania problemu asymetrycznego podziału dochodu świata, m.in. przez podjęcie działań prowadzących do przyspieszenia wzrostu gospodarczego opóźnionych regionów i zwiększenia siły nabywczej ludności.
EN
The present world is full of discrepancies and stratifications. The greatest diversity is visible on the material plane. It can be said there are two realities. In one there is prosperity and wealth. The second one is led by poverty, hunger and diseases. The aim of the work is to show the lack of harmonious economic development of the entire economy but the occurrence of enormous disproportions between national economies in this century. Highly developed countries live more and more prosperously, while underdeveloped regions fall into even greater misery. A high level of hunger, a shortage of drinking water, income next to nothing are elements describing the countries of today’s Central Africa and South Asia. The study confirms the occurrence of colossal disparities between the standard of living in less-developed countries and the affluent regions of Western Europe or North America. The hopeless situation of poor regions requires the help of international organizations and other countries. A well-thought out aid program is able to reduce the problem of poverty. Creating a fund to support entrepreneurs wishing to invest capital in the poorest countries may become a reasonable idea. Reduction or exemption from taxation can be an additional incentive. Without any assistance, indigent countries will fall and cease to exist in the near future.
PL
Celem opracowania było udowodnienie występowania rozbieżności i rozwarstwień w gospodarce światowej oraz przedstawienie propozycji rozwiązania problemu. Miernikami analizy stały się m.in. wskaźniki takie jak PKB per capita, średni poziom płac, miernik rozwoju społecznego HDI, poziom odczuwania szczęścia mierzony miernikiem HPI, występowanie głodu czy wielkość zasobów wody pitnej. Największe zróżnicowanie widoczne jest na płaszczyźnie materialnej. Można powiedzieć, że istnieją dwie rzeczywistości. W jednej panuje dostatek i zamożność. W drugiej przewodzą bieda, głód i choroby. Państwa wysoko rozwinięte żyją coraz dostatniej, a regiony słabo rozwinięte popadają w jeszcze większą nędzę. Wysoki poziom głodu, niedobór wody pitnej oraz niskie dochody są fundamentalnymi elementami opisującymi kraje dzisiejszej Afryki Środkowej i Azji Południowej. Wynikiem badania i analizy jest potwierdzenie występowania olbrzymich dysproporcji między poziomem życia w krajach słabo rozwiniętych a zamożnymi regionami Europy Zachodniej czy Ameryki Północnej. Beznadziejna sytuacja ubogich regionów wymaga pomocy organizacji międzynarodowych oraz innych krajów. Dobrze przemyślany program pomocowy jest w stanie zmniejszyć problem ubóstwa. Utworzenie funduszu wspierającego podmioty chcące zainwestować kapitał w krajach najuboższych wydawać się może rozsądnym konceptem. Redukcja bądź zwolnienie z opodatkowania prowadzenia działalności gospodarczych w tych regionach może być dodatkową zachętą wsparcia. Bez jakichkolwiek działań pomocowych ubogie kraje w niedalekiej przyszłości upadną i przestaną istnieć.
Vox Patrum
|
2018
|
vol. 69
595-610
EN
The article consists of three parts covering consecutively the question of treat­ing ancient homilies as historic sources, the economic dimension of hunger and food shortages, and finally, their social dimension. The analyses presented show that hunger and food shortages were quite common phenomena in ancient societ­ies and they were intrinsically woven into the fabric of their everyday lives. In his homilies John Chrysostom encouraged his congregation not only to show their social conscience in the face of starving people, but also to help those in need. Describing lives of the poor, especially those suffering from hunger, the preacher pictured them as morally entitled to receiving help. We should though remem­ber that descriptions of destitution in John Chrysostom’s homilies and sermons were quite often exaggerated and designed to serve preacher’s specific purpose. This is the reason why we should approach their analyses with extreme caution and thoroughness. Nevertheless, the information on the issue of hunger given by Chrysostom is still valuable and useful in discovering the reality of social rela­tionships in his time.
Vox Patrum
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2013
|
vol. 59
179-196
EN
Man, as Ambrose teaches, should be constantly aware that he is put to the temptation which is experience inherent in freedom, because without temptation, there is no freedom. Jesus chooses knowingly and willingly, despite temptation, folly and weakness arising from the sign of the Cross (cf. 1Cor 1: 23-25). He takes the side of extreme obedience to the Father, and He does so as a man – with all the consequence of human weakness, fear of dying and suffering. He says no’ to Satan – to be a man with a man – to the very end. After the temptation in the desert devil leaves him, but by the time (cf. Lk 4: 13), and he waits for the next conve­nient moment to tempt Jesus. Ambrose encourages all those who are involved in fighting against the temptations of Satan, because Jesus Christ has overcome the world and opened the door to eternal life for everyone – through the community. Church – communion is the way of human victory over Satan, the prince of this world.
PL
W artykule został przeanalizowany jeden z mało znanych aspektów powstania Bohdana Chmielnickiego – głód, który był zjawiskiem powszechnym zarówno w armii kozacko-tatarskiej, jak i polsko-litewskiej. Można wymienić kilka przyczyn podobnej sytuacji. Po pierwsze, to prawie całkowita ignorancja pytania zabezpieczenia żołnierza chociażby minimalną ilością żywności przez instytucje państwowe (dotyczy to zwłaszcza armii koronnej). Po drugie, to charakter i długotrwałość samej wojny, gdyż nieprzerywane działania wojenne, a także zniszczenie setek wiosek i miasteczek na współczesnej Ukrainie stworzyły sytuację, kiedy znalezienie oraz dostarczanie żywności dla ogromnych mas ludzi i zwierząt okazało się zadaniem bardzo skomplikowanym. Oddzielne jednostki w celu poszukiwania jedzenia dla żołnierzy i furażu dla koni musieli oddalać się na dziesiątki kilometrów od swoich sił głównych (dotyczyło to obu stron konfliktu). Po trzecie, to specyfika pewnych kampanii wojennych, na przykład blokada armii koronnej w Zbarażu latem 1649 r. Wszystkie wyżej wymienione czynniki doprowadzili do głodu po obu stronach konfliktu, więc nie dziwi, że opis tego nieszczęścia można znaleźć na stronach licznych ówczesnych źródeł, które były wykorzystane pod czas napisania tego artykułu.
EN
This article examines wide spread hunger among Cossack-Tatar and Polish-Lithuanian armies during Bohdan Khmelnytsky’s Uprising; a largely under researched topic. It argues that there were 3 main reasons of the hunger. Firstly, an almost complete absence of state institutions involvement in providing soldiers with necessary supplies contributed greatly to the problem (This was more relevant for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). Secondly, the destruction of hundreds of Ukrainian towns and villages made supplying the armies an extremely difficult task. Search parties from both sides had to travel tens of kilometres away from the main forces to look for food and fodder. Finally, the nature of individual campaigns also contributed to this situation, most notably the siege of Zbarazh in 1649. All the above factors led to devastating hunger on both sides of the conflict. Mentions of this hunger made it to the pages of multiple written sources used in this article.
RU
В данной статье рассмотрен малоизученный на сегодняшний день аспект восстания под предводительством Богдана Хмельницкого – голод, который был обыденным явлениям как для казацко-татарской, так и для польско-литовской армий. Причин подобной ситуации было несколько. Во-первых, это почти полное самоустранение государственных институций в вопросе обеспечения солдата хотя бы минимальным количеством продовольствия (разумеется, это более касалось армии Речи Посполитой). Во-вторых, это характер и продолжительность самой войны, когда беспрестанные военные действия, а также уничтожение сотен сел и местечек на украинских землях создали ситуацию, при которой снабжение провизией становилось архисложным заданием, а отряды для поиска еды для солдат и фуража для лошадей отходили на десятки километров от главных сил (это касалось обеих сторон конфликта). В-третьих, это специфика отдельных военных кампаний, например блокада коронной армии в Збараже летом 1649 р. Все эти факторы приводили к изнуряющему голоду, который испытали на себе солдаты с обеих сторон, что, соответственно, нашло свое отображение на страницах многочисленных источников, которые были использованы в данной статье
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