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Possibilities of hyperlink application in spatial research

100%
Janc K.
Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
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2012
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vol. 17
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issue 17
57-65
EN
The main aim of the paper is to show the selected ways of analysing, the possible interpretations and expectations concerning the analyses of hyperlinks in spatial research. The connections existing in cyberspace for selected self-government websites of Lower Silesia were shown to illustrate the issue. The analyses were conducted for selected websites of self-government units at all levels functioning in Lower Silesia. The paper presents two approaches to the analysis of hyperlinks: analysis of outlinks and inlinks. The presented results allow us to identify some regularities regarding the functioning of connections in cyberspace versus the connections in the real world. From the perspective of self-government websites it can be concluded that the connections in cyberspace reflect the real connections. In the majority of the analysed cases there is a clear connection with the actual scope of activity. The remaining relationships with administrative cities reflect the significance of these cities for the functioning of self-government units in the social, economic, legal, and administrative conditions. Based on the conducted analyses it can be concluded that the study of hyperlinks may be useful in understanding the relationships between geographical space and cyberspace. They may form a new, interesting field of spatial research. We also found some challenges in the study of hyperlinks' spatial aspects: the identification of consistent criteria for determining the websites' ‘location in space’, the possibility of interpreting the research results and the dynamics of the Internet.
2
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Problematyka naruszenia dóbr osobistych w postaci czci a udostępnianie treści pochodzących od osób trzecich za pośrednictwem hiperlinków

87%
Piaskowska O. M., Piesiewicz P. F.
Studia Prawnicze
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2018
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issue 2 (214)
91-114
EN
The aim of the analysis carried out in this article was to indicate the scope of liability for violation of personal interests of a human being by a person who places a hyperlink on the Internet which include a material violating personal interests of another person. In addition, the analysis was made in which situations, referring to the action under the counter-law, this person will evade responsibility. During the analysis, the authors focused their attention on the issue of violation of personal interests in the form of honor, although making the disclosure, a specific user may also infringe other personal rights, including those mentioned in art. 23 Civil Code. In the considerations, it has been taken into account that the violation of honor can take the form of verbal as well as non-verbal communication, but it can also occur through the inclusion of a specific content using the functionality of social networking sites. A distinction has also been made between the materials being made, bearing in mind the subject from which the particular material originates, as well as the entity that makes it available. This issue is not without significance for the eventual possibility of evading the liability by a person who shares hyperlink.
PL
Celem analizy przeprowadzonej w niniejszym artykule było wskazanie zakresu odpowiedzialności za naruszenie dóbr osobistych osoby, która w Internecie umieszcza hiperlink do materiału naruszającego dobra osobiste innej osoby. Ponadto analizie poddano, w jakich sytuacjach, powołując się na działanie w ramach kontratypu, osoba ta będzie mogła uchylić się od odpowiedzialności. W toku analizy autorzy skupili uwagę na problematyce naruszenia dobra osobistego w postaci czci, choć dokonując udostępnienia, określony użytkownik może naruszyć także inne dobra osobiste, w tym wymienione w art. 23 k.c. W rozważaniach uwzględniono, iż naruszenie czci może przybrać zarówno postać przekazu werbalnego, jak i niewerbalnego, ale także może nastąpić przez zamieszczenie określonej treści z wykorzystaniem funkcjonalności serwisów społecznościowych. Dokonano także rozróżnienia udostępnianych materiałów, mając na uwadze podmiot, od którego określony materiał pochodzi, jak i podmiot, który go udostępnia. Kwestia ta nie pozostaje bowiem bez znaczenia dla ewentualnej możliwości uchylenia się od odpowiedzialności przez podmiot udostępniający materiał.
3

Legal framework of liability for hyperlinks in Germany

86%
Zieliński M.
Studia Prawnicze
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2010
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issue 3-4(185-186)
221-241
EN
This article attempts to present the legal framework of liability for Hyperlinks in the German legal system. Being one of the pioneer countries, whose regulations of electronic communication served as example for the European Union's 2000/31/EC E-commerce Directive, it is quite surprising that the problem of liability for hyperlinks still lacks direct regulation. This doesn't mean however, that the issue of liability of persons inserting hyperlinks into their web services poses a problem for German courts. Since the first regulation of electronic communication, adopted in 1997, the practice of legal assessment of hyperlinks has been developed by German doctrine, as well as by the jurisprudence if all instances. The Federal Supreme Tribunal in its 2003 “Paperboy” ruling confirmed the general admissibility of linking as such, both in form of simple links and deep-links. Later on, in 2004, in its “Schöner Wetten“ judgment the Tribunal introduced a procedure for testing particular cases of linking. According to the Tribunal, when assessing the legality of hyperlinks, first to consider is the possibility of so called “appropriation” (sich–zu–eigen–machen) of 3rd party information. In cases of civil liability, when the test for “appropriation” of information falls out negative, courts should continue the assessment with regard to the possibility of “disturber liability” (Störerhaftung) of the ISP, according to section 1004 of the German Civil Code. The German jurisprudence, which has developed a constant approach to hypelinks, constitutes a good example for other national regulators, including the Polish law-maker, who is currently in the process of updating the e-commerce act of 2002.
4
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Geografia hiperlinków - przestrzenny wymiar samorządowych serwisów internetowych

72%
Janc K.
Studia Regionalne i Lokalne
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2011
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issue 4(46)
30-50
PL
Celem opracowania jest ustalenie, czy funkcjonujące w cyberprzestrzeni relacje odzwierciedlają granice obszarów w przestrzeni geograficznej. Ma w tym pomóc analiza powiązań pomiędzy serwisami WWW samorządów lokalnych a „miejscami”, do których można dotrzeć przy pomocy zamieszczonych na stronach hiperlinków. Obejmuje ona 29 serwisów powiatów leżących na Dolnym Śląsku. Okazuje się, że w przypadku jednostek samorządowych szczebla lokalnego istnieje wyraźny związek między połączeniami w cyberprzestrzeni z terytorium rzeczywistego działania. Co istotne, w wirtualnej przestrzeni, tak jak w fizycznej, dominuje główny funkcjonalny węzeł, czyli stolica kraju.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to determine whether connections within cyberspace are in any way related to borders in the geographical sense. The author assesses the connections between the websites of local authorities and destinations that can be reached by hyperlinks. He analyzes 29 counties in Lower Silesia and shows that the activity of local self-government units in cyberspace covers their real-life territory. On the whole, it can be said that connections existing in cyberspace largely reflect actual borders. However, the main functional node dominating cyberspace is the country’s capital city.
5
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K vymáhání práv duševního vlastnictví v kyberprostoru - problém sdělování díla veřejnosti formou internetových odkazů na chráněný obsah jiných webových stránek

58%
Strakoš J.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2024
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vol. 163
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issue 4
367-382
EN
This article discusses selected problems related to the enforcement of copyright on the Internet. The author’s primary attention is focused on hyperlink technology, its legal nature and, above all, the public law context, when through it there is an unauthorized communication of a work to the public, giving rise to liability for a public offense. The article is permeated by the author’s reflections on the criminal law and, in particular, the correct legal protection of copyright and, in general, on the role of copyright as such in today’s digital age. The author deals not only with the question of how important role in the enforcement of the author’s rights actually plays the offence law, but also tries to find an answer to the question of where is the imaginary boundary between the infringement giving rise to liability for a crime and the infringement giving rise to liability for an offence under Copyright Act (Act No. 121/2000 Coll.).
CS
Tento článek pojednává o vybraných problémech spojených s prosazováním autorských práv na internetu. Primární pozornost autora se upíná k technologii hyperlinku, jejím právním projevům a především veřejnoprávním souvislostem, dochází-li jejím prostřednictvím k neoprávněnému sdělování díla veřejnosti zakládajícímu odpovědnost za veřejnoprávní delikt. Článkem prostupují úvahy autora o smyslu trestněprávní a zejména správně právní ochrany autorského práva a obecně o úloze autorského práva jako takového v dnešní digitální době. Autor se zabývá nejen otázkou, jak významnou roli při prosazování práv autora vlastně hraje přestupkové právo, ale také se snaží nalézt odpověď na otázku, kde se nachází ona pomyslná hranice mezi protiprávním jednáním zakládajícím odpovědnost za trestný čin a protiprávním jednáním zakládajícím odpovědnost za přestupek podle autorského zákona.
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