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EN
This article contains a stylistic-lexis analysis of German loan-words which appear in “Krzyżacy” by Henryk Sienkiewicz. Its aim was to decide about the function of this group of loan-words in creation of the presented world in the novel. Material basis, counting 235 lexical units, was grouped and described in several semantic categories concerned, among other things, with: 1. different branches of economy, 2. widely understood socio-political life, 3. daily life and customs. The main text is accompanied by a dictionary of all German loan-words, which included, apart from basic information such as: definition and frequency, also their location in different lexicographic sources.
EN
The article depicts the linguistic and stylistic means used by Stefania Trochanowska in her Polish-language volumes of poetry Potem, teraz, przedtem, Motyle and Nie pozwól uschnąć kwiatom in order to create the leading emotion of love. The analysed material is presented ac-cording to the suggestion made by Iwona Nowakowska-Kempna. The research has revealed that the Lemko poetess describes two types of love – as afeeling and as an erotic phenomenon – using the necessary number of words in asuccinct way. She treats love as auniversal feeling, typical of every human being, irrespective of their nationality.
PL
Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka środków językowo-stylistycznych zastosowanych przez Stefanię Trochanowską w polskojęzycznych tomikach poezji Potem, teraz, przedtem, Motyle, Nie pozwól uschnąć kwiatom do wykreowania przewodniego uczucia miłości. Materiał analityczny zaprezentowano według propozycji badawczej Iwony Nowakowskiej-Kempny. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że łemkowska poetka opisuje w sposób lapidarny, wykorzystując niezbędną liczbę słów, dwa typy miłości: jako uczucie i jako zjawisko erotyczne. Miłość traktuje ona bowiem jak uczucie uniwersalne, przynależne każdemu człowiekowi, bez względu na narodowość.
PL
In her novel Nad Niemnem Eliza Orzeszkowa created the character of a young farmer, Jan Bohatyrowicz, a representative of the impoverished nobility. Taking a portrait of Jan the writer made use of special technique – showing him in the surrounding nature. The character is also presented in action. He is a clearly positive figure. He cultivates the basic ethical values in his life. He is honest and hard – working. In the descriptions of various elements which contribute to the complete picture of the character’s life, the writer made use of particular parts of speech (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns), conventional as well as occasional word combinations, and stylistic means (epithets, similes, metaphors, personifications, onomatopoeic words). Orzeszkowa individualized the language of the character, employing for that purpose Old Polish language features of lexicon and syntax. Jan’s language is rich in salutations, aphorisms, similes and deminutives. The young man cultivates the old customs and traditions. He sings the old folk songs. With the aid of systemic and extra–systemic linguistic means the novelist excellently made her character realistic.
PL
A purpose of this article is to provide linguistic analysis of similes appearing in Henryk Sienkiewicz’s Letters from a Journey to America. The article mainly focused on:•discussing a formal shape of comparative constructions,•classification of similes,•discussing basic subject areas the excerpted similes belong to,•the most important functions of similes in Letters. It was established that the use of comparative constructions was peculiar to the author of Letters from a Journey to America. The frequent collection of similes and the variety of their forms and functions in the column are some examples of the specifity of Sienkiewicz’s style.
EN
In creating the fictional world of the protagonist of The Doll, Bolesław Prus used a range of basic terminology concerning colours and chiaroscuro. The text provides those terms in the form of mainly adjectives, nouns and verbs, rarely participles, which directly or indirectly describe the colour or its shade. Stylistically speaking, the author of the novel used epithets and a few conventional colour similies. Lexical and stylistic indicators which name colours in the creation of Izabela’s character are chosen mostly on the basis of probability and their primary function is to make the portrait of the character more real and credible (the descriptive and expressive function of colours).
PL
Artykuł zawiera semantyczną i funkcjonalną charakterystykę 41 peryfraz nazw religijnych wyekscerpowanych z liryków Marii Pawlikowskiej-Jasnorzewskiej. Analiza funkcjonalna omówień dowiodła, iż pełnią one przede wszystkim funkcję poetycką, ponieważ wyróżniają się oryginalnością i naddaną semantyką (np. architekt snów i diamentów ‘Bóg’) oraz informacyjną, gdyż wnoszą dodatkowe wiadomości o elementach świata przedstawionego (charakteryzują istoty nieziemskiej proweniencji – Boga, Chrystusa, anioła, diabła...; jak i miejsca ich przebywania – raj/niebo, piekło). W artykule wskazano omówienia nowatorskie, będące innowacjami idiolektalnymi poetki, jak i konwencjonalne, o wielowiekowej tradycji poetyckiej (np. ciemności książę ‘Lucyfer’). Poza tym ustalono ich motywacje literackie, a także kulturowe. Większość peryfraz jest motywowanych tradycją literacką, zwłaszcza biblijną (np. pan nad pany ‘Bóg’), wydarzeniami biblijnymi (Ten, który ongi wodę w wino zmienił ‘Chrystus’) lub chrześcijańskimi wyobrażeniami (Boży cień ‘diabeł’). Podstawą niektórych stały się potoczne, ludowe wizualizacje istot pozaziemskiego pochodzenia (Osoba z rogami ‘diabeł’).
EN
The article includes a semantic and functional characteristic of 41 periphrases of religious names excerpted from the lyric poems of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska. The functional analysis has revealed that they play first of all a poetic function, as they are outstanding for their semantics, for example, architekt snów i diamentów ‘Bóg’ ‘an architect of dreams and diamonds, God’, and an informative function, because they introduce new information on the elements of the presented world (they characterise supernatural beings – God, Christ, an angel, a devil…, and the places they can be found – Paradise, Heaven, Hell). The article presents innovative circumlocutions, which are idiolectical innovations of the poetess, as well as the conventional ones of a long-standing poetic tradition (for example, ciemności książę ‘Lucyfer’ ‘prince of darkness, Lucifer’). In addition, their literary and cultural motivations have been traced. Most periphrases are motivated by a literary tradition, especially the Biblical one (for example, pan nad pany ‘Bóg’), Biblical events (Ten, który ongi wodę w wino zmienił ‘Chrystus’) or Christian images (Boży cień ‘diabeł’, ‘a divine shadow, a devil’). Popular folk visualisations of supernatural beings have become the basis for some periphrases (Osoba z rogami ‘diabeł’, ‘a person with horns, a devil’).
PL
Artykuł zawiera wieloaspektową analizę tekstów pięciu prozatorskich Władysława Grabana zatytułowanych Z Łemkowskiej Księgi Rodzaju zamieszczonych w tomiku Znaleźć równowagę duszy z 2004 r. Wykazano, iż teksty nawiązują w sferze idei i kompozycji do starotestamentowego wzorca, natomiast na płaszczyźnie językowej, w tym leksykalno‑frazeologicznej, stylizacja biblijna ma charakter niezwykle powierzchowny.
EN
The paper presents a multi‑faceted analysis of five prose texts by Władysław Graban entitled "Z Łemkowskiej Księgi Rodzaju" [From the Lemko Book of Genesis], published in his 2004 volume "Znaleźć równowagę duszy" [Finding the Balance of the Soul]. It was found that the texts follow the Old Testament model on the level of ideas and composition. At the same time, the biblical stylisation on the linguistic level, including lexis and phraseology, is extremely superficial.
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyse the semantic connotations of silver in the poetry of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska. The research material includes 14 lexemes and their 108 occurrences in the text. In most cases, silver is used as a semantic determinant of the night; then, of the colour white, and occasionally, the colour grey. It holds numerous connotations deriving from references to metal (sparkle), moon and stars (death and night) and the colour white (innocence, holiness, virginity, and old age). In Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's poetry, silver represents the colour and shine of inanimate nature (it is stereotypically used to describe the Moon, stars and water, etc.); animate nature (flora and fauna); and extraterrestrial beings. Silver is also used to convey positive or negative connotations of the words it refers to.
EN
The consequence of acknowledging that language abilities are an inherent property of man is that the actual speaker/ listener has come to the foreground of linguistic deliberations and thereby the emphasis in these reflections and in the research has been shifted to what is happening in the brain as far as language processes are concerned. The last few decades, due to increasingly modern technologi­cal solutions, have brought about the possibility of more detailed and in-depth explorations of human brain functioning and its properties. In the first part of the present article, the characteristics of the object of research in linguistics are presented, and in the second, the possibilities of its exploration are described. Special attention was focused on the possibilities of using eye-tracking research in applied linguistics. Summing up the observations, it should be admitted that in order to make progress in linguistics and to be innovative, experimental research carried out using apparatus must be incorporated and started. However, it must be emphasized that this type of experimental research in linguistics, including obviously eye-tracking studies, is scientifically relevant only to the point that it really contributes to the creation of new knowledge or the verification of scientific knowledge gained earlier, and only if it contributes to the scientific exploration of the object of linguistics.
EN
The following sketch is the first attempt to address the issue that will enhance the knowledge about the specific vocabulary used in the creation of one of the famous representatives of Polish literature late 19th and early 20th centuries. Until now studies about works of Bolesław Prus were mostly carried out by experts in the analysis of literature regarding the interpretation of individual works or specific literary forms practiced by the writer’s assumptions influence philosophical thought and the events of his life in the shape of the poetic imagination and creativity. The works of Bolesław Prus ware not described from the lexical, hence my interest in this issue and the intention to fill the gap in this area of knowledge about the work of the writer. This time the concern was addressed by floral vocabulary, used by the writer.
PL
Twórczość Bolesława Prusa była przedmiotem licznych publikacji (szczególnie tych dotyczących języka, bo na nich skupia się autorka), jednak badacze koncentrowali się przede wszystkim na utworach literackich – powieściach, opowiadaniach i nowelach. Na marginesie zainteresowań pozostawał przebogaty dorobek dziennikarski Prusa. Artykuł przybliża ogrom zjawiska – wylicza lata współpracy pisarza z redakcjami, tytuły prasowe, w których zamieszczał swoje teksty i cykle wydawnicze, których był autorem. Podano w miarę pełny i aktualny wykaz prac językoznawczych, w których był opisywany idiolekt Prusa. Sformułowano też listę problemów i zadań badawczych, które należałoby podjąć, aby solidnie i kompleksowo przeanalizować język Prusa dziennikarza.
EN
The literary heritage of Bolesław Prus has been the subject of numerous publications, especially concerning the language, which remains the article author’s main focus. However, researchers have primarily concentrated on his literary fiction works – the novels, short stories, and novellas. The remarkably rich collection of the journalistic writings of Prus has been so far of marginal interest. This article introduces the reader to this great literary phenomenon – it provides the dates of the author’s collaboration with the editorial offices, press titles where he published his works, and describes his publishing cycles. It offers a current list of linguistic works devoted to the idiolect of Prus. It also addresses a set of problems and delineates the research tasks which are worth undertaking in order to perform a thorough and complex analysis of the language of Prus as a journalist.
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Bolesław Prus created the character of dr. Szuman as representing intelligentsia, a doctor and a scientist. This article recreates these roles linguistically via an analysis of the selected fragments of the novel such as the protagonist’s statements and the narrator’s comments as well as other characters’ utterances and “inside stories” taken from Ignacy Rzecki’s memoir. For the presentation of his characters the author used, first and foremost, concrete nouns, and only rarely abstract nouns as well as verbs as the entire novel is written in the journalistic style. Epithets are used only occasionally, mainly with regard to the creation of the protagonist’s appearance. The doctor’s eccentric demenanour is emphasized by the verbs and adverbial participles used to depict nonverbal expressions which Bolesław Prus utilizes in his book. The narrator’s and Rzecki’s statements provide us with the source material concerning the verbs and word combinations related to the doctor’s activities. The creation of the characters of the doctor and the scientist also comprises their: lexicon-related idiolect characteristics such as professionalisms, or scientific abstract lexicon; syntactical/inflection-related phenomena such the dominance of hypotaxis over parataxis, rhetorical questions, or simple compound sentences and; semantic/stylistic phenomena such as comparisons, metaphors, and irony. The linguistic-stylistic devices used by Bolesław Prus served to make the creation of dr. Szuman as a representative of intelligentsia, a doctor and a scientist more real and probable.
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Selected religious elements used by Rej to describe phases of human’s life are presented. Religiousness becomes visible in Rej’s work because: - he has a deep conviction that belief in God is very important in human’s life and that people should submit to God which in the linguistic sphere infl uences both lexical and syntax determinants used for persuasion (use of names of religious values, 2nd person singular and 1st person plural forms of verbs provoking for reflection or appealing for improvement of life); - he uses the Bible as an authority – biblical statements are referred to as a proof of veracity of content of his work; - he refers to specific biblical characters, situations and expressions, uses religious vocabulary and forms religious comparisons. Those planes (which is understandable) spread also to Rej’s descriptions of childhood, youth, adulthood and old age.
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EN
The text contains an analysis of terms of colour and light impressions included in Henryk Sienkiewicz’s private letters. The examination takes into consideration a comprehensive collection - counting over 1400 letters and taking up nearly 3000 printed pages, from which 196 formally and semantically different terms of colour and light have been extracted. The lexis from the examined theme range is a relevant element of the language material of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s private letters. Apart from the stricte information function, which distinguishes and identifies colourfully described landscapes, natural phenomena, weather, objects or people, the names of colours and chiaroscuro, it emphasizes their exotic, singularity and beauty, cocreates the mood and scenery of the described realities as well as it increases the vividness and suggestiveness of the writer’s story.
EN
In his novel Lalka (The Doll) Bolesław Prus created a realistic vision of the world of old Szlangbaum to whom he ascribed the role of a representative of the Jewish minority. He skillfully used a whole range of basic linguistic-stylistic means so as to present various elements of the world of the character in question. These means are the following: appearance, age, personality, opinions, family relations, language, work, way of spending leisure time etc. All the linguistic indicators and mechanisms as used by the writer contributed to making this, drawn as stereotypically Jewish (i.e. as a conservative, religious, thrifty, using Polish with interferences from Yiddish) a realistic, plausible and individualized (e.g. by showing his love for riddles) character.
EN
The aim of this article is to determine which of the 17 old Polish adjectives used to signal unabout truth, collected and analyzed by K. Kleszczowa in the article “O kłamstwie po staropolsku” (“About tke lie in the old Polish”) function in Rej’s “Wizerunek” (“Image”) in what connections and meanings. The conducted analysis show that out of 11 adjectives common to old Polish and Rej’s “Wizerunek”, 5 was not used to express “destruction of the truth”.
PL
Artykuł zawiera omówienie językowo-stylistycznego kształtu polskojęzycznych wierszy Władysława Grabana i wskazanie tych środków, które budują obraz „małej ojczyzny” poety, a więc przestrzeni zawężonej do najbliższej okolicy. Sentymentalną ojczyzną lat młodości dla Grabana była Łemkowszczyzna. Ten teren stał się inspiracją dla tematów poetyckich. Obraz małej ojczyzny wykreowany przez Grabana przedstawiony został w ujęciu metodycznym Jerzego Bartmińskiego według trzech wymiarów asocjacyjnych odniesień: 1) przestrzennego (ziemia, miejsce, terytorium); 2) wspólnotowego (wspólnota ludzi, narodowa); 3) kulturowego (literatura, obrzędy, folklor, język).
EN
The article describes the linguistic and stylistic form of the Władysław Graban’s Polishlanguage poetry and indicates the means that build up the picture of the poet’s local home country, i.e. the space limited to the nearest region [he was emotionally involved with]. The sentimental home country for the poet had always been Lemkivshchyna or Lemkovyna (Polish: Łemkowszczyzna; Rusyn: Лемковина / Lemkovyna), the country of his youth. It was the region that was the inspiration for his poetic themes. The picture of the local home country created by Graban was depicted from a methodical perspective by Jerzy Bartmiński, according to three dimensions of associative references: (1) spatial dimension (land, place, territory); (2) community dimension (community of people, national community); (3) cultural dimension (literature, rites, folklore, language).
EN
The article presents the linguistic creation of Stanisław Wokulski’s feeling (the main character of “The Doll”) towords Izabela Łęcka. Bolesław Prus realizes this task mainly through Wokulski’s utterances and the descriptions of his thoughts as well as the narrator’s and other characters’ comments. There are two ways of presenting the creation of Stanisław’s feelings – one of them idealises love and woman, the other, realistic, depicts Wokulski’s commensensical deliberations on love. The idealization of love is expressed due to the stylistic devices typical of neoclassical, sentimental and romantic poetry such as metaphors, comparisons, hyperboles and metonymies. There appears a significant number of abstract nouns and verbal forms as well as numerous constructions with the lexeme happiness. The commonsensical deliberations are based on negatively marked metaphors, verbal forms, abstract nouns and terms. In a masterly fashion Bolesław Prus utilizes the richness of linguistic devices was to create a realistic view of the complexity at the main character’s feelings towords the woman of a different social class.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony nieanalizowanym dotychczas wypowiedziom Henryka Sienkiewicza na temat jego twórczości własnej. Bogaty materiał leksykalny zebrany z całości korespondencji prywatnej pisarza, na który złożyły się pojedyncze wyrazy, połączenia wyrazowe o różnym charakterze (ciągłe i nieciągłe), heterogeniczne pod względem znaczeniowym (dosłowne i metaforyczne) oraz strukturalnym (wyrażenia, zwroty, frazy). Przegląd ponad 400 jednostek udowodnił, że Sienkiewicz w nasycony ekspresją sposób podchodził do omawianych w listach spraw związanych z własną pracą twórczą i chętnie dzielił się spostrzeżeniami i uczuciami na ten temat z wszystkimi członkami rodziny. Pod względem językowo-stylistycznym zebrane passusy składają się głównie z leksyki potocznej, nacechowanej ekspresywnie, wspólnoodmianowej oraz wyrażeń metaforycznych.
EN
The article is devoted to Henryk Sienkiewicz’s statements about his own work, which have not been analyzed so far. Rich lexical material collected from the entire private correspondence of the writer, which consisted of single words, word combinations of various nature (continuous and discontinuous), heterogeneous in terms of meaning (literal and metaphorical) and structure (expressions, turns of phrases, phrases). A review of over 400 units proved that Sienkiewicz approached the issues discussed in the letters – related to his own creative work – in expressive manner. He also shared willingly his observations and feelings on these issues with all family members. In terms of language and style, the collected passages consist mainly of colloquial, expressive, and metaphorical expressions.
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Źródła w badaniach idiolektów

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PL
Artykuł wskazuje źródła wykorzystywane w różnego rodzaju badaniach idiolektów oraz omawia rolę poszczególnych typów źródeł. Choć głównym przedmiotem zainteresowania są autonomiczne studia nad językiem jednostek, praca uwzględnia również badania idiolektów podporządkowane opisowi języka ogólnego oraz jego odmian, a także studia z zakresu historii języka i psycholingwistyki. Pokazana jest zależność wykorzystywanych w badaniach źródeł od rodzaju i celów opisu, a także od obecnego w nim sposobu rozumienia idiolektu.
EN
The article addresses language data sources used in various types of idiolect research. It discusses the role of particular types of sources in these studies. Despite being focused on autonomous studies on the language of individuals, the article also takes into account research on idiolects that is subordinate to the description of standard language and its varieties, as well as studies in the history of language and psycholinguistics. The article presents the dependence of the sources on the types and purposes of the description and on the way idiolect is understood.
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