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Teologia w Polsce
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2019
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vol. 13
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issue 1
155-179
PL
Katechizm Kościoła Katolickiego z 1992 roku zwrócił uwagę na potrzebę większej recepcji soboru nicejskiego II. Spowodowało to rozbudowanie studiów nad ikoną w polskiej teologii. Wyznaczone zostały horyzonty badań. Dominuje w nich tematyka chrystologiczna i mariologiczna. Mniejszą uwagę zwraca się na wymiar antropologiczny. Tymczasem namysł nad ikonami Chrystusa prowadzi do odkrycia misterium człowieka.
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Symbol – ikona tajemnicy

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Verbum Vitae
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2009
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vol. 16
201-210
PL
Throughout the centuries, the more-than-literal interpretation of the Bible was present in the tradition of the Church. Symbols made out of biblical literary motifs expressed deep theological and human concepts. They made visible what otherwise was invisible. Our article presents three symbols rooted in the biblical text that acquired new spiritual meanings in the ancient and medieval interpretation of the Scripture: wings, tree and bow.
PL
Według tradycji, pierwowzory ikon powstały w sposób nadprzyrodzony, nie zostały uczynione ludzką ręką (gr. a-cheiro-poietos). Należą do nich ikony Matki Bożej (wizerunek z Lyddy i portret wykonany z natury przez św. Łukasza pod natchnieniem Ducha Świętego), a przede wszystkim wizerunek Chrystusa odbity przez niego samego na tkaninie, z języka greckiego zwany mandylionem. W późniejszej tradycji prawosławnej acheiropoietycznym wizerunkiem pozostał mandylion z Edessy, ale w okresie preikonoklastycznym istniało wiele tego typu wyobrażeń Chrystusa. Do VI w. palladium cesarstwa bizantyńskiego była tkanina z Kamuliany. O mandylionie z Edessy źródła wspominają dopiero w VI w. Jego kult związany jest ściśle z opowieścią, która obrastała z czasem w różne fakty. Syntezą wszystkich legendarnych historii, zaczerpniętych z różnych źródeł, jest Opowieść o mandylionie z Edessy, która powstała po przeniesieniu świętej tkaniny z Edessy do Konstantynopola (944 r.). To ona stała się głównie podstawą do wizualizacji legendarnej historii na ikonach. Najwcześniejszym przykładem ilustracji opowieści jest tryptyk synajski z X w., następnym 10 scen umieszczonych na okładzie mandylionu z kościoła San Bartolomeo degli Armeni w Genui z XIV w. Od XVII w. malowane były ikony mandylionu z dziejami Rosji. W XIX w. historia mandylionu stała się oddzielnym tematem ikon. Mandylion - „nie ręką uczyniony” - wielokrotnie był uwikłany w różne ideologie polityczne, ale przede wszystkim, jako wizerunek, będący jednocześnie relikwią kontaktową, pełnił funkcje ochronne, był darem łaski danym człowiekowi przez samego Boga. Dzieje mandylionu są dziejami łaski, począwszy od łaski uzdrowienia króla Abgara i opieki nad jego królestwem i mieszkańcami, po łaskę ochrony i licznych uzdrowień od jego replik i licznych naśladownictw.
EN
The Russian Orthodox church of St. Alexandra in Stanisławow, close to Modlin and near Warsaw, contains a collection of nineteenth-century icons on wooden, canvas and tin bases. These compositions originate from scattered iconostases in Eastern rite churches in Mazovia, liquidated during the inter-war period. Due to the absence of suitable storage conditions, the paintings, kept in attics and cellars for decades, succumbed to far reaching devastation. An example of such damage is one of the Stanisławow icons depicting St. Vladimir. This composition, executed in oil on galvanised iron tin, placed on a pine frame, is a rectangle 120 x 53,5 cms. large. The author or workshop, presenting a classical current in icon painting from the second half of the nineteenth century, remain unknown. Adverse storage conditions, considerable moisture, absence of light, the impact of pigeon droppings, sudden changes in the temperature of interiors, and numerous transferences of the object produced extensive damage of all stratigraphic layers, including 30% loss in the grounding and painting stratum. The intention of the discussed conservation was to repair the damage (cleaning the basis, straightening the tin, removing corrosion, supplementing the putty layer), to achieve a structural reinforcement of the object (treatment and consolidation), and to reconstruct the painting layer. These undertakings made it possible to restore the original aesthetic merits of the icon which can be once again used for religious purposes by its owner.
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Teologia w Polsce
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2019
|
vol. 13
|
issue 1
155-179
EN
The Catechism of the Catholic Church in 1992 drew attention to the need for a greater reception of the Council of Nice II. This resulted in the extension of studies on the icon in Polish theology. Testing horizons have been set. They are dominated by Christological and Mariology themes. Less attention is paid to the anthropological dimension. Meanwhile, thinking about the icons of Christ leads to the discovery of the mystery of man.
PL
Katechizm Kościoła Katolickiego z 1992 roku zwrócił uwagę na potrzebę większej recepcji soboru nicejskiego II. Spowodowało to rozbudowanie studiów nad ikoną w polskiej teologii. Wyznaczone zostały horyzonty badań. Dominuje w nich tematyka chrystologiczna i mariologiczna. Mniejszą uwagę zwraca się na wymiar antropologiczny. Tymczasem namysł nad ikonami Chrystusa prowadzi do odkrycia misterium człowieka.
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Ikony arabskie

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EN
Icon is a form of communication of the Christian dogma. Icon, as a phenomenon, developed mainly thanks to Byzantium. But Byzantium was not the only place the work of iconography. The icons were created in both the West and the East not Byzantine. For the Arab Christians, the centre of the icon was Aleppo. The influence of Islamic culture and the Arab world left a mark on Christian art, which created the characteristic form, in particular by arabesque ornamentation. Among the distinguished painters of Arabic icons in Aleppo is best known family from grandfather to grandson: Youssof, Nemeh, Hannania and Girgis. Thanks to the painters of icons, we can follow the evolution of the Arabic icons on the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Also in Egypt arose Arabic icons that enriched the transmission of the Christian faith through their different specificity. Arab Christians, who today in the war are killed for their faith, they have a great history of the Christian tradition, which is also expressed in the iconography.
PL
Ikona jest formą komunikowania chrześcijańskich dogmatów wiary. Ikona, jako fenomen, rozwinęła się głównie dzięki Bizancjum. Jednak Bizancjum nie było jedynym miejscem twórczości ikonograficznej. Ikony były tworzone zarówno na Zachodzie, jak i na Wschodzie niebizantyjskim. Dla chrześcijan arabskich centrum ikony było Aleppo. Wpływ kultury islamu i świata arabskiego zostawił ślad na sztuce chrześcijańskiej, która stworzyła charakterystyczne formy, zwłaszcza poprzez arabeskową ornamentykę. Pośród znamienitych artystów, tworzących ikony arabskie w Aleppo, najbardziej znana jest rodzina – od dziadka do prawnuka: Youssof, Nemeh, Hannania i Girgis. Dzięki tym ikonografom można śledzić ewolucję ikony arabskiej na przestrzeni XVII i XVIII w. Także w Egipcie powstawały ikony arabskie, które ubogacały przekaz chrześcijańskiej wiary dzięki swej odmiennej specyfice. Arabscy chrześcijanie, którzy dzisiaj w wojnie są mordowani za wiarę, mają wielką historię tradycji chrześcijańskiej, która wyraża się również w ikonografii.
EN
The letter of the Holy Father John Paul II written in Rome in 1987, in the tenth year of His pontificate, on December 4th, on the day of memorial of Saint John Damascene, the doctor of the Church, on the Twelfth Centenary of finishing the controversy over the icon, is of great importance for the Pope’s program of ecumenism. The Holy Father indicated various directions of the dialogue, however, the one of the utmost importance concerned the agreement with the Orthodox Church, which was confirmed in the letters and in His other documents quoted in this paper. The image used to be essential for religious practice, for illustrating the word of prayer and of the song, in order to preserve the tradition of the Church. The strict prohibition introduced by the iconoclasm depreciated not only the artistic tradition of paintings but also the basic dogmas of Christ’s Incarnation and the one which introduced Virgin Mary as the Theotokos (the God-bearer). The ban constituted a threat not only for the icons but also for the Christian faith. In His Letter, the Pope underlined the important role of the Second Council of Nicaea which reintroduced icons and maintained and deepened the meaning of the cult in the faith of believers. Furthermore, the Holy Father indicated the connection with the Second Vatican Council in understanding the function and form of images in contemporary Church. Contemporary trends are overwhelmed by the impotence of the spiritual expression of sacral art, which is a great concern for the Pope. The Letter is, therefore, a dramatic warning of the threats for religious art in contemporary time, expressed by the Holy Father with these words: ‘The rediscovery of the Christian icon will also help in raising the awareness of the urgency of reacting against the depersonalizing and at times degrading effects of the many images that condition our lives in advertisements and the media.’ (DS, 11).
PL
List Ojca Świętego Jana Pawła II napisany w Rzymie, w roku 1987, w dziesiątym roku pontyfikaty, 4 grudnia, w dniu liturgicznego wspomnienia św. Jana Damasceńskiego, doktora Kościoła w 1200 rocznicę zakończenia sporu o ikony, ma istotne znaczenie w programie ekumenizmu Papieża. Wskazywał wiele kierunków dialogu z różnymi religiami, jednak największą troską było porozumienie z Kościołem prawosławnym, co potwierdzają listy oraz inne dokumenty Ojca Świętego przytaczane w niniejszej pracy. Istotne było zachowanie tradycji Kościoła, w którym nieodłącznym ogniwem dla praktyk religijnych słowa, modlitwy i pieśni był obraz. Surowy zakaz wprowadzony przez ikonoklazm podważał nie tylko artystyczne tradycje obrazów, lecz także sięgał do podstaw dogmatów Wcielenia Chrystusa i Matki Dziewicy Maryi Panny jako Theotokos. Zakaz był zagrożeniem dla ikon, ale też dla istoty wiary chrześcijańskiej. Papież podkreślił w swoim Liście rolę Soboru Nicejskiego II, który przywrócił ikony oraz zapewnił ich pogłębione znaczenie dla kultu wiernych w ugruntowaniu wiary. Ojciec Święty wskazał również związek z Soborem Watykańskim II odnoszącym się do rozumienia funkcji i formy obrazów w Kościele współczesnym. Współczesność owładnęła niemoc duchowego wyrazu sztuki sakralnej co stanowi troskę Papieża. List jest dramatycznym ostrzeżeniem wobec zagrożeń dla sztuki religijnej w czasach współczesnych, które Ojciec Święty wyraził słowami „Ponowne odkrywanie wartości chrześcijańskiej sztuki może być również pomocą w uświadomieniu sobie konieczności przeciwstawienia się depersonalizującym skutkom oddziaływania tak wielu obrazów”.
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2020
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vol. 67
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issue 5
109-115
EN
Contemporary architecture and sacred art have lost their original instinct in favor of illegible and ambiguous forms. In this way, sacred art, in a sense, sent the message to be a reality that helps man in contact with God, or, as the theorists of sacred art wanted, a tool that brings God down to earth. These tendencies are being remedied by Fr. Marko I. Rupnik, a Slovenian Jesuit, theologian and iconographer, founder of the Aletti Center – an institute of theology and art, promoting the idea of “the Christian breathing of two lungs”, combining the Eastern and Western traditions, which formed the doctrine of the undivided Church. The effect of Rupnik’s theological thought is liturgical art, which, inscribed in architecture, creates a space for human meeting with God.
PL
Współczesna architektura i sztuka sakralna zatraciły swoje pierwotne ukierunkowanie na korzyść nieczytelnych i wieloznacznych form. W ten sposób sztuka sakralna, w pewnym sensie, przesłała być rzeczywistością pomagającą w kontakcie człowieka z Bogiem, albo jak chcieli teoretycy sztuki sakralnej, narzędziem sprowadzającym Boga na ziemię. Tendencjom tym próbuje zaradzić o. Marko I. Rupnik, słoweński jezuita, teolog i ikonograf, założyciel Centrum Aletti – instytutu teologii i sztuki, promującego ideę „chrześcijańskiego oddechu dwóch płuc”, łączenia tradycji wschodniej i zachodniej, jaka tworzyła doktrynę niepodzielonego Kościoła. Efektem myśli teologicznej Rupnika jest sztuka liturgiczna, która – wpisana w architekturę – tworzy przestrzeń spotkania się człowieka z Bogiem.
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EN
The article presents the place of the icon in theology and its function in the liturgy in the Orthodox Church. At the beginning, the rich theology of the icon was outlined and its importance in the Eastern tradition. In the Eastern Church, the icon is Christological, Anthropological and Liturgical because it shows the true God in Christ. The role of the icon in explaining to the faithful the teaching of Jesus Christ is also important. These functions areperformed primarily by the icon within the temple, mainly during the liturgy, which when celebrated on earth is also considered an image – an icon of the heavenly liturgy. Finding the right place in the sacred space, the icons confirmed their liturgical and theological importance in the life of the Eastern Church.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia miejsce ikony w teologii oraz jej funkcję w liturgii w Kościele prawosławnym. Na początku zarysowano bogatą teologię ikony i jej znaczenie w tradycji wschodniej. W Kościele Wschodnim ikona jest chrystologiczna, antropologiczna i liturgiczna, gdyż ukazuje prawdziwego Boga w Chrystusie. Również ważna jest rola ikony w wyjaśnianiu wiernym nauczania Jezusa Chrystusa. Funkcje te pełni ikona przede wszystkim w obrębie świątyni, głównie podczas liturgii, która sprawowana na ziemi jest też uważana za obraz – ikonę niebiańskiej liturgii. Znajdując właściwe miejsce w przestrzeni sakralnej, ikony potwierdziły swoje liturgiczne i teologiczne znaczenie w życiu Kościoła Wschodniego.
EN
Two Fathers of the Reformation, Martin Luther and John Calvin questioned the veneration of images. They used different arguments. Martin Luther allowed the presence of paintings in churches, while John Calvin did not. Their theology influenced Europe so strongly that even Catholicism in its ordinary sensitivity departed from the understanding of the image as an object of worship and entered the time of art. A painting ceased to be understood as a special place of presence (icon), and began to function as a work of art. Having ceased to be a medium referring to the original, it became itself an original in the artistic sense.
PL
Ojcowie Reformacji: Marcin Luter i Jan Kalwin zakwestionowali kult obrazu. Posługiwali się różnymi argumentami. Marcin Luter dopuszczał obecność obrazów w przestrzeni kościelnej, a Jan Kalwin – nie. Ich teologia mocno oddziałała na Europę, tak że nawet katolicyzm w swej potocznej wrażliwości odszedł od rozumienia obrazu kultycznego, a wszedł w czas sztuki. Obraz przestał być pojmowany jako szczególne miejsce obecności (ikona), a zaczął funkcjonować jako dzieło sztuki, przestał być medium odnoszącym do oryginału, ale sam stał się oryginałem w sensie artystycznym.
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EN
Orthodox liturgical practice indicates a blessing, dedication and consecration of icons. It is not unified within the universal Church and within the autocephalous Church and local liturgical traditions. This article focuses on explaining the meaning of the blessing rites in the practice of the Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church. This practice is largely consistent with the practice of other Orthodox Churches of the Slavic tradition, including The Russian Orthodox Church, the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, the Bulgarian Patriarchate and the Serbian Patriarchate. This part deals with the features attributed to the icons: canonicity, uniqueness and sanctity. Next, an analysis of the liturgical rites of blessing was carried out and their meaning was shown.
EN
Over the last hundred years, the icon has traveled a lot around the world. Such journey of the icon in so many directions would not be possible without its rediscovery in the East. Signs of its return as a cult object and art phenomenon can be seen as early on the brink of the 19th and 20th centuries, when an icon ceased to be – as it was in the past named – a “black board”. It could be seen now, owing to the work of conservators, freed from the layers covering it throughout the years. There was no “curtain” covering it any more. There was no black. We could yet again “contemplate it in colors”. Because of the “rediscovery” of the icon and its consecutive journey through its native Eastern Orthodox world, both the Christian East and West became artistically prepared to receive it. Theological preparations were in motion as well, mainly due to – written mostly in Western Europe – fundamental philosophical and theological treaties and pioneering realizations of sacred art, icons and architecture. They unveiled the “secret life” of the icon, not only as a unique and sublime art form, element of culture and the history of Church, but also a phenomenal philosophical and theological beacon. The icon has proven its “ability to speak”. Just as text in its semiotic transmitting principle, so did the icon, through real symbols of the supernatural reality of the world of God, hand us a testament of this world and the struggle for Salvation anew. This testament has proven itself to be predominant over the many other ways of expressing spiritual aspirations of man. Soon everyone found it out. It was not only through the newly discovered colors, although they might have been responsible for this unveiling. Inverted pers pective, geometric abstraction, symbolic message, sign character, multitude of layers and space-time perception – these are just some of its unique ways of articulating the message. Today, from a certain historical distance, it can be unequivocally stated that the life of the then underground icon and the treatises written about it should be clearly associated with France, and especially with Paris and its Orthodox Theological Institute of St. Sergius of Radonezh. Just as discoveries made by conservators allowed us to see the icon free from layers and repaintings covering the Archetype, so did the rediscovery of the icon, not only for the orthodox world, but also the Christian and the whole oikumene, begin on polish grounds by Jerzy Nowosielski. Nowosielski has finished his icons. He does not write them anymore. He left hundreds or maybe even thousands of them. He left behind his artwork, ingenious in their iconographical-theological and architectural value, in Orthodox churches as well as in Roman Catholic and Uniate churches. He left behind also hundreds of sketches and designs as well as unfinished sacred projects. With their great potential, they are the live tradition of polish sacral art. This tradition and the heritage of the precursors of the contemporary iconography is in some manner continued by the orthodox school of icon writing – Iconographical Study at Archangel Michael’s parish in Bielsk Podlaski and its teachers and student-graduates. The icon through ages of its history on earth has journeyed a long way, both through time and through space. It still does. At present, it can be observed not only in Christian West, where it is welcomed “anew” as a form of sacral communication and partly as a cult symbol and theological phenomenon. It can be observed also, though in a slightly different form, in the Christian East, where the icon experienced and still experiences certain issues. For not more than a hundred years ago, the idea of the icon was faint at most. A true dispute over the icon lasts up to this day within the Orthodox Church, between the supporters of its classical and pseudo realistic form, the true icon and its centenarian naturalistic, occidental image. A dispute so important, for the icon is one of the visible signs of the Orthodox Church’s existence. It is an object of cult. It is a testimony of Incarnation and the mystery play of presence. It does not contain. It “guides” us on the path to the heavenly Archetype. It is the path to deification and salvation.
EN
The article presents the events related to the takeover of the Zhyrovitse monastery with the miraculous icon of the Mother of God by the Uniates. The Uniats came into possession of Zhyrovitse as a result of a fake trial and a groundless accusation of the murder of the owner of the estate, Ivan Soltan. Iwan Mieleszko, a supporter of the uniats, sentenced a person in the Zhyrovitse sanctuary and had his property confiscated. Subsequent subordination of the monastery to the Basilians and uniat metropolitans, indicated that Ivan Mieleszko was the executor of the planned plan to take away the sanctuary from the Orthodox Church of Zhyrovitse.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę określenia roli chrześcijańskiej estetyki w formowaniu się religijnej samoświadomości Dawnej Rusi (XI-XIII wieku). Na podstawie danych źródłowych pochodzących z Kodeksu Hipackiego i innych zabytków piśmienniczych oraz ustaleń uczonych (paleografów, archeologów, historyków, lingwistów) staram się zaakcentować jeden aspekt ewolucji kulturalno-religijnej Dawnej Rusi – aspekt estetyczny. Wydaje się, że to właśnie chrześcijańska estetyka w formie „zmysłowego oglądu” tj. architektura, ikonografia i rzeźba odegrała istotną rolę w procesie podporządkowywania się światopoglądu pogańskiego chrześcijańskiemu.
EN
This paper discusses role of Christian aesthetics for defining the religious identity of Old Rus’. Attempting a multidisciplinary approach, it follows the Hypatian Codex to trace the challenges and difficulties encountered by the introduction, with the Baptism of 988, of a new faith. Having reviewed historical surveys and sources and drawn upon the studies in paleography, archaeology, linguistics, and art history, the author emphasizes aesthetic aspect of Rus’ cultural evolution. In conclusion the paper maintains that the visual arts, such as architecture and sacral paintings, have played an essential role in the protracted process of absorption and subordination of the pagan tradition.
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Łaska w ikonach

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EN
The article brings the reality of the grace of icons in two respects: the first relating to the recipient and the second relating to the icon writer. Grace is the transforming reality “in the image and likeness of God”. It is received through a recipient’s personal prayer and life experience. The gift of writing icons, their reading and reception in a cultural context is also a grace. Knowledge and application of adequate painting techniques is included in the canon. Its aim is creating an appropriate image which is a true “window to another world’, to a reality already divinized. Icons must therefore meet certain conditions in order to be adequately helpful in prayer. They must also bring truly its recipient closer to Divine Persons, biblical events or scenes from the lives of the saints. Over the centuries, from the very beginning of Christian sacred art, through the turbulent period of iconoclasm, up to the present day, icons have retained a fundamental importance in the eastern Church, becoming almost a sacrament. In the western Church they suffered profound transformation, taking the form of holy pictures. They are liberated from the canons and techniques, depending only on the artist’s skills and fashions of the time. They play an assistant role in the liturgy and a decorative one in the architecture of temples.
EN
As a part of the preparation of my master’s thesis at the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, I undertook an extremely difficult task of separating two paintings placed on a common wooden support. The subject-matter of my thesis was the deacon’s doors of the iconostasis from the former Orthodox church in Opaka. The 18thcentury painting which had once decorated the doors was entirely repainted by Teofil Kopystyński in 1912. The chemical analyses that were carried out led to the detection of oil binder in the 20th century paint layer and oily tempera in the original paint layer, which is probably combined with the oil & resin finish layer. There was an intermediate oil layer between individual paintings, however no varnish was detected on the surface of the original composition, which made the separation process more difficult. After performing some preliminary tests, I finally decided to carry out the task by means of the “chemical” method, where dimethyloformamide solvent vapours are used to soften the surface paint layer. For this purpose I used a special sealed chamber, where the increased temperature resulted in the evaporation of the solvent, which had an impact on the paint layer being transferred through its protective face (i.e. the Japanese tissue-paper stuck with Velpon). I cut the softened paint layer into fragments by means of a scalpel. After many months of very difficult and dangerous work, I managed to remove the 20th century painting in two pieces, thereby uncovering the 18th century painting composition. After preparing reverse sides of both pieces and sticking them on intermediate carriers (paper interfacing with the use of Acrylkleber 360 and 498 HV), it was possible to remove the protective face and integrate the separated composition. I placed the removed painting on a wooden support using Beva Gel adhesive.
EN
The first and especially the second decade of the 21st century resulted in the creation of many iconographic schools in Poland. These were schools of various ranges, in different regions and addressed to various groups of people. They developed in a formally regulated manner in secular and ecclesial institutions, but also in private art studios or parishes. Depending on the experience and educational background of the teacher, icon writing can be a science consistent with canon and developed on the basis of the Orthodox religion it can deviate significantly from the models adopted in that culture. There are also innovative tendencies in the iconography represented by theologically aware artists. All of them, however, are united by the fact that there is a dispute over the Polish nomenclature of activities related to making icons. One basic linguistical dilemma among theorists is whether we should use the term „to write an icon”. The word „icon-writer” already exists in the Dictionary of the Polish Language, but „icon-writing” is replaced with „iconography” or „icon painting”. Is the reference to „Russianism” or „Greekism” in this case justification for not introducing the word „icon-writing” into the formal circulation as well? And so what about the use of the word „icon”, which in Greek means „a picture”? Being aware of the complexity of the problem, I would like to outline the lexical dilemmas related to the spreading of the art of creating icons in Poland, recalling the theological dimension of icons in cultural context.
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EN
One of the many representations of the Virgin Mary in the Carmelite art is Our Lady of the Scapular. It is a specific artistic image connected with the liturgy of the altar, which is also the centre around which the life of the brotherhood revolves. The cult of Our Lady of the Scapular, promoted by the Carmelites, is one of the oldest forms of Marian devotion. Over the centuries, it has achieved great popularity in all social circles. The images of Our Lady of the Scapular are represented in either Mary’s bust or her entire figure, sitting or standing, usually with the Child in her arms or on her lap, holding a sceptre in one hand, in the second a scapular or a scapular in both hands; sometimes Infant Jesus holds a scapular. Scapular images also alluded to the Immaculate Conception. If the attribute of the scapular was not painted originally, it was added later or two pieces of cloth were attached to the image (sculptures). When miraculous paintings were covered with a silver or gold dress, scapulars also appeared on a flap piece of metal. The accepted representations of Our Lady of the Scapular were used as ornaments for feretra and banners connected with brotherhoods’ celebrations. Similar images can be found in books, icons and sculptures devoted to the practice of the brotherhood of the scapular.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie Maryi jako ikony sakramentalnego stylu życia w Duchu Świętym. Ikoniczność życia Maryi polega przede wszystkim na manifestacji nie swojego, lecz otrzymanego w dniu Zwiastowania, nowego życia – Jezusa Chrystusa. Maryja nie naucza doktryny, nie opisuje Boga, nie tworzy o Nim abstrakcyjnych pojęć, lecz pozwala doświadczyć Jego realnej obecności. Od samego początku, również wspólnota Kościoła uczestniczy w ikonicznym stylu życia Maryi, ukazując światu przyjętą nowość. Tego sakramentalnego stylu życia chrześcijanie ani nie pożyczyli, ani nie skopiowali od nikogo. To jest coś na wskroś oryginalnego, coś, czego świat im nie może dać, ale za to oni mogą dać to światu.
EN
The purpose of this article is to show Mary as an icon of the sacramental lifestyle in the Holy Spirit. The iconic character of Mary’s life consists above all in the manifestation, not her own, but received on the day of the Annunciation, the new life – Jesus Christ. Mary does not teach the doctrine, does not describe God, does not create abstract concepts about Him, but allows us to experience His real presence. From the very beginning, the Church also participates in the iconic style of Mary’s life, showing the accepted novelty to the world. Christians have neither borrowed nor copied this sacramental lifestyle from anyone. This is something completely original, something that the world cannot give them, but they can give it to the world.
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