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EN
Contemporary discussion on health, and intellectual and social condition of the human in the 21st century, often concerns the issues of using, or even abusing, modern technologies. The authors of the article refer to the concept of illiteracy, and describe its current contexts. The authors’ own research results picture the present-day linguistic competence of primary school students. Lichtańska and Cygan attempt to present characteristics of the current stage of linguistic evolution, which – in the light of experts’ opinions – is reflecting cultural changes.
EN
Bolesław Prus (1847-1012), a renown Polish writer, columnist and educator, devoted a lot of space in his fictional and journalistic writing to the problem of permanent education, which, at the time of the partitions of Poland, could only and exclusively be realized using the social forces, because the invaders were not interested in the development of education among Poles. The most important objective of adult education was the eradication of illiteracy, especially among farmers and workers. He encouraged the town and country intelligentsia to teach farmers and workers the art of reading and writing. He also drew a lot of attention to issuing manuals, which were helpful in gaining scientific, psychological, economic and religious knowledge. He also noticed the great role of educational lectures, whose objective was the popularisation of scientific, technical and cultural achievements. He appreciated the role of museums and agricultural, agricultural and industrial, hygienic and educational exhibitions in presenting craft, industrial and agricultural innovations. Many of Prus’s ideas are realized in contemporary permanent education.
EN
This article aims at presenting the phenomenon of adult illiteracy. Moreover, highlighted is the aspect of functional illiteracy. Differences between the spectrum and levels of illiteracy are enumerated. Illiteracy is considered in the context of the fast pace of civilisation processes, pointing to its causes as well as its sociological and economic consequences. In this article actual research data on illiteracy in Poland and specified European countries is gathered. Thus, action against illiteracy is presented adhering to the British and German results of study. Investigated are specified projects realised in Germany for the last few years. The necessity of adult illiteracy investigation and its spectrum are highlighted in addition to taking preliminary action against adult illiteracy in the form of adult basic literacy education. The concept of developing the consciousness and motivation towards further adult education is a challenge as well as the principal role of the institutions responsible for the aim. The educational process and its project should be dedicated especially to people on a low level of education and raising consciousness of the problem spectrum and inspire adults towards further education. It is crucial to prepare educational offers that focus on specified groups of adults, namely, the groups facing social and educational rejection. The issue of literacy needs further academic investigation in the sphere of adult education in relation to setting tasks in educational politics and prompting legislature in Poland to satisfy the educational needs of contemporary adults.
Path of Science
|
2018
|
vol. 4
|
issue 8
1001-1010
UK
У статті висвітлюється недостатньо досліджена проблема фінансування пунктів ліквідації неписьменності під час здійснення політики ліквідації неписьменності у 20-х роках ХХ століття на Сумщині. Авторами охарактеризовано стан матеріального забезпечення лікнепів у визначений період, проаналізовано основні джерела грошових надходжень, виявлений рівень реального матеріального забезпечення лікнепів. Встановлено, що низький рівень фінансування часто ставав причиною неякісного рівня викладання. Розглянуто питання забезпечення підручниками і навчальними посібниками як українською мовою, так і мовами інших національностей, в тому числі, наведено окремі статистичні дані про централізовані надходження навчальної літератури, надано коротку характеристику найбільш популярних навчальних книг, які використовувалися викладачами лікнепів під час ліквідації неписьменності на Сумщині. У статті наведено цитати із документів зі справ Державного архіву Сумської області, які безпосередньо розкривають реальний стан фінансування і матеріального забезпечення лікнепів на Сумщині у 20 рр. ХХ ст. і дають можливість об’єктивно оцінити дійсне матеріальне і фінансове становище пунктів лікнепу. Автори статті надають коротку характеристику щодо діяльності пунктів ліквідації неписьменності у різних містах нинішньої Сумської області: Конотопі, Глухові, Шостці, Краснопіллі Сумах, наголошуючи на їх кількісному зростанні і, як наслідок, збільшенні відсотка письменного населення. Автори статті роблять висновок, що попри недостатнє фінансування пунктів лікнепу, недосконалу систему забезпечення навчальною літературою, шкільним приладдям, канцтоварами робота цих закладів мала позитивний результат, який виявився у збільшенні кількості письменного населення в Сумській області, яке навчилося читати і писати українською мовою, що мало, в свою чергу, велике значення для пробудження національної самосвідомості українського населення.
EN
The article deals with the insufficiently studied problem of financing illiteracy issues during the implementation of the illiteracy elimination policy in Sumy region in the 1920s. The authors describe the state of material maintenance of illiteracy elimination centers at a certain period, analyze the main sources of funding, and define the level of the real material maintenance of illiteracy elimination points. It has been found out that a low level of funding often leads to poor teaching quality. The issue of providing textbooks and teaching aids in both Ukrainian and the languages of other nationalities is considered, including some statistics on the centralized inflow of educational literature, a brief description of the most popular textbooks used by teachers of educational centers during the process of eliminating illiteracy in Sumy region. The article cites quotations from the documents of the State Archive of the Sumy region, which directly reveal the real state of financing and material support of the illiteracy elimination centers in Sumy region in the 1920s and provide an opportunity to objectively assess the real material and financial position of the illiteracy elimination points. The authors of the article provide a brief description of the activities connected with illiteracy elimination in various cities of the present Sumy region: Konotop, Glukhiv, Shostka, Krasnopillya, Sumy, stressing their quantitative growth and, consequently, an increase in the percentage of the literate population. The authors of the article conclude that despite the insufficient financing of the illiteracy elimination centers, the imperfect system of providing educational literature, school supplies, stationery, the work of these institutions had a positive result, which was manifested in increasing the number of literate people in the Sumy region, who learned to read and write in Ukrainian, which was, in its turn, of great importance for awakening the national consciousness of the Ukrainian population.
EN
The article attempts to explore the problem of functional illiteracy in the rich countries of the West. The author presents situations of adult illiterate people living in the world of Western culture who-deprived of the ability to read and write -surpass social and symbolic barriers in everyday life, struggling for survival and human dignity. The idiomatic phrase “the torture of Tantalus” symbolizes a person’s pain resulting from the desire of owning things which are close but remain unobtainable. Through their complex biographies, the author indicates crucial moments in their lives: the decision to acquire reading and writing skills, and the pivotal point directly after the accomplished literacy course. If one deprives these people of professional assistance, it reduces their chances to materialise the expectations connected with reading and writing skills. The aim of the article is to draw attention to the phenomenon of adult illiteracy, which became a major task in educational policy and adult education also in many highly developed countries.
XX
The article presents diverse structures of the population of Poland in the interwar period according to the level of education (including literacy and numeracy) due to gender, religious denomination and residence. The results of the population census from 1921 and 1931 were the main source of data. In the light of the empirical evidence it was stated that primary education (in total 37.5% of the general population at the age of 15 years and more) had had a dominant position in the population structure and people with a higher level of education 0.7% (1921). In the period of the Second Polish Republic the education process was selective on the grounds of gender and religious denomination; men were better educated than women. Evangelical Church members were best educated and Orthodox Church worst. As a result of a big diversity of parts of Poland with respect to the degree of the implementation of public education there was a big disproportion between regions in Poland in the level of education and the structure in terms of education (among others in the level of illiteracy). There was a big educational gap in the eastern regions and the best situation in this regard was observed in western voivodeships.
EN
The article focuses on the issue of literacy in the district of Miasko in 1945-1951. The presented course of events and the conclusions are based primarily on the analysis of statistical documents from this period. The main conclusions of the article are: illiteracy was the major problem in the county of Miastko, it has not been fully resolved, it is not possible to determine the exact number of illiterates in the discussed area.
PL
Prezentowany artykuł dotyczy współczesnych zjawisk analfabetyzmu, jego różnych rodzajów i ich specyfiki. Zwrócono uwagę na przyczyny i skutki analfabetyzmu dorosłych, jak również możliwości zapobiegania takim problemom. Pojęciem analfabetyzmu określa się brak umiejętności pisania i czytania oraz wykonywania podstawowych działań matematycznych u osób dorosłych (według kryteriów UNESCO — powyżej piętnastego roku życia). We współczesnych wysoko rozwiniętych społeczeństwach jest to problem praktycznie marginalny. Jednak obecnie niepokojąca jest skala analfabetyzmu wtórnego oraz funkcjonalnego (dotyczącego trudności rozumienia i wykorzystania drukowanych informacji oraz prezentacji graficznych takich jak ikony, wykresy lub diagramy). Chodzi o rozumienie treści najprostszych instrukcji, lub na przykład brak umiejętności wypełnienia najprostszych formularzy. Problemem jest również analfabetyzm matematyczny oraz coraz częściej kulturowy. Współcześnie wyodrębnia się też analfabetyzm zwany cywilizacyjnym, na który składa się analfabetyzm całkowity, informatyczny i funkcjonalny. Można, więc przyjąć, że jest to brak kompetencji do korzystania z wszelkich osiągnięć cywilizacyjnych, a także nieumiejętność korzystania z przysługujących ludziom praw, informacji, technologii, dóbr kultury i rozwiązań logistycznych.
EN
This article is concerned with contemporary illiteracy and its various forms and characteristic features. Attention is drawn to the reasons for adult illiteracy and to its results, as well as to the possibilities of avoiding such problems. Illiteracy is defined as a lack of the ability to read and write and inablity to make basic calculations by adults (according to the criteria of the UNESCO – by persons over the age of 15). In contemporary highly developed societies, the problem is a marginal one. However, now the scale of secondary illiteracy and functional illiteracy (which means that a person cannot understand and use printed information and graphic presentations such as icons, schemes and diagrams). What is meant here is the inabiliy to understand the simplest instructions or for example inability to complete the simplest forms. Mathematical illiteracy and more and more common cultural illiteracy also become a problem. At present, also illiteracy called civilisation illiteracy, which comprises total illiteracy, IT illiteracy and functional illiteracy, is distinguished. It may be assumed that civilisation illiteracy is inability to use any civilisation gains, inability to benefit from the rights a person has and use information, technologies, cultural goods and logistic solutions.
EN
According to the words of Vladimir Lenin, “The illiterate can not build socialism”. Therefore the liquidation of illiteracy had a strategic role — it was not just about providing citizens with basic skills, to facilitate the daily life, but also (and perhaps even primarily) about shaping their social consciousness. This thesis illustrates the already "Regulation of conducting primary education" courses ("Regulamin pracy kursów nauczania początkowego"), which defines the purpose of education of adult illiterates in two sections. The first one talks about acquisition (typical for this level of teaching) skills in reading, writing and counting. While the second subsection says the acquisition “basic information about People’s Republic of Poland, about the forces of democracy camp fighting under the chairmanship of the Soviet Union for freedom, justice, prosperity, progress and peace”. Such objectives suggest the indoctrinatinating nature of texts for primary education of illiterate adults. Article proves this thesis by analyzing the same primers and archival materials (Central Office for the Control of the Press, Publications and Performances, Ministry of Education, Office of Government Plenipotentiary for the Eradication of Illiteracy) as well as literature, trying also to show the mechanisms of indoctrination.
PL
Okres Rzeczpospolitej Ludowej był czasem wielu zawirowań zarówno natury politycznej, jak i społecznej. Obowiązujący w latach 1945–1989 ustrój wymuszał szereg zmian w systemie edukacji. Nie można zapominać o tym, że był to czas walki z nieznanym już dzisiaj problemem analfabetyzmu. W tamtych czasach ówczesnej władzy udało się ostatecznie tą trudną kwestię rozwiązać. Totalitarny ustrój oraz specyfika tamtego okresu powodowały, że w dzisiejszych czasach negatywnie wspomina się wpływ tamtej rzeczywistości politycznej na oświatę. W artykule ukazana zostanie charakterystyka peerelowskiego systemu edukacji uwzględniająca jego wady i zalety.
EN
The period of the People's Republic was a time of many turbulence both in political and social nature. The ruling system in 1945–1989 forced a number of changes on the education system. One can not forget that it was a time of struggling with the problem of today unknown illiteracy. The authorities of that time managed to solve this difficult issue. The totalitarian regime and the specifics of that period resulted in mentioning the influence of that political reality on current education as negative. In my presentation I will try to show the characteristics of that education system, taking into account its advantages and disadvantages.
PL
Kwerenda prowadzona była w Narodowym Archiwum Republiki Białoruś. Pod uwagę wzięto Zespół 4p Komitetu Centralnego Białoruskiej Socjalistycznej Republiki Radzieckiej (КЦ БССР). Uwagę skoncentrowano na teczkach zawierających dane o szkołach, oświacie polskiej i życiu społeczeństwa polskiego na Białorusi Sowieckiej. Odnalezione dokumenty zostały pozyskane w wersji ksero (356) i wersji elektronicznej (51).
EN
Quary had been conducted in the National Archive of Belarusia. 4 p division of the Central Comitee of Belarusian Socialist Soviet Republic was taken under consideration. The major attention was focused on the files containing data about schools, Polish education and everyday life of Polish society in Soviet Belarusia. The recovered documentation was obtained as xerocopies (356) and in electronic form (51).
Path of Science
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2018
|
vol. 4
|
issue 3
3007-3014
UK
У статті досліджено роль товариства «Геть неписьменність» у кампанії з ліквідації неписьменності, що проводилася на українських землях у 20-30 рр. ХХ ст.; охарактеризовано форми та методи діяльності товариства на території Сумщини у визначений період. Наведені тексти документів із справ Державного архіву Сумської області, що стосуються організації роботи та фінансової діяльності товариства.
EN
The article examines the role of the society "Down with Illiteracy" (Геть неписьменність») in the campaign for the elimination of illiteracy, which was conducted on Ukrainian lands in the 1920-1930’s; the forms and methods of the company's practice on the territory of Sumy region in a definite period are described. The texts of the documents of the State Archive of Sumy Oblast concerning the organization of work and financial activity of the company are given.
PL
Rozwój społeczeństwa informacyjnego napotyka bariery świadomościowe. Wielkie grupy Polaków i Europejczyków nie znają podstawowych kompetencji związanych z wykorzystaniem sprzętu informatycznego i posługiwaniem się technologiami informacyjnymi. Przed edukacją in-formacyjną wyrastają nowe wyzwania.
EN
The development of the information society faces barriers of awareness. Great group of Poles and Europeans do not know the core competencies related to the use of computer equipment and information technology ministry. Before education information grow new challenges.
EN
This article introduces the reader to the realities of the sector of the Polish culture. It explains what the cultural policy is and then presents a critical analysis of the SWOT analysis carried out by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. One by one it evaluates its weaknesses and risks as well as strengths and opportunities. In the following part it assesses the expenditure on culture as well as its accessibility. The fi nal section discusses the operational programs in the fi eld of culture. On the basis of the steps assessments of the opportunities and threats to the Polish cultural policy have been carried out.
PL
Spośród wielu rodzajów analfabetyzmu został omówiony analfabetyzm aksjologiczny. Jest on formą analfabetyzmu kulturowego. Określają go: poziom wiedzy aksjologicznej, wrażliwość aksjologiczna, poziom kompetencji językowych. Przykładową ilustracją jest analfabetyzm miłości. Słowa kluczowe: alfabetyzm, analfabetyzm, aksjologia, dojrzałość aksjologiczna, daltonizm aksjologiczny, banalizowanie wartości, miłość, godność.
EN
Of the many types of illiteracy I discuss illiteracy axiological. It is a form of cultural illiteracy. They define it: the level of knowledge axiological sensibility axiological level of language competence. An example is illustrated illiteracy love.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest zjawisko anfalfabetyzmu i niskiego poziomu alfabetyzmu w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Rozważania koncentrują się wokół takich zagadnień, jak: kwestie definicyjne; podejście do problemu analfabetyzmu w Stanach Zjednoczonych; skala zjawiska w świetle badań PISA i ogólnokrajowych sondaży dotyczących alfabetyzmu dorosłych prowadzonych w latach 1992 i 2003 oraz stosowane współcześnie metody alfabetyzacji, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem metod stosowanych w jednym z ośrodków alfabetyzacyjnych w Chicago.
EN
The subject of the article is the phenomenon of illiteracy and the low literacy rate in the United States. Consideration centres around such issues as: definition, approach towards illiteracy in the United States; the scale of the phenomenon in light of PISA studies and national polls regarding adult literacy performed in the years 1992 and 2003, as well as contemporary methods for basic reading, with particular consideration given to the method used in one literacy centre in Chicago.
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