The aim of this article is to demonstrate how the Polish literary critic and translator Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński achieved two contrasting goals in his work. The author shows how important the context, external to the ground of the literary work itself, is for Boy, (and he reflects on the specific reasons why Boy adopts this attitude), while also describing the way Boy refuses simultaneously to consider it as a clue which could allow us to decode the meaning and deeper senses of a literary work. Moreover, Boy emphasizes the means great writers used to invent in order to transform reality in his own art and to insert the figures they created into an immanent dynamic evolution of literary patterns. The author sets forth a thesis that Boy’s method of digging out the genuine form of the works he analysed was due to the careful attention he gave to the oral and, more broadly, the sonic dimension of human experience, which to him was a source of constant fertilization. At the same time, the article explores the way this sensibility to sounds was deeply rooted in Boy’s direct life experiences — his relationship both to Paris and to the modernist literary movement called Young Poland “Młoda Polska” led by such outstanding figures as Stanisław Przybyszewski and Stanisław Wyspiański with whom Boy frequented Cracow’s various cafés and theatres as a young man.
The study illuminates the manner of Adorno’s critical engagement with Hegel’s dialectic, with a primary focus on the question of the relationship between the whole and the individual. First, I show for what reasons Adorno criticizes the primacy of the whole, and on what basis he formulates the thesis that the whole is the false. Then I pay attention to Adorno’s concept of immanent criticism: criticism is based on the norms and values inherent in society, and shows their contradiction with the reality of that society. I illustrate immanent criticism with the concept and reality of human autonomy. Adorno’s defense of the individual and his criticism of the favoring of the whole are connected with his emphasis on somatic existence, which makes it possible to perceive the irrationality of (supposed) Reason in the most tangible way. Individual experience, which is never just individual, thus underpins the relevant critique of the whole, against which it also leans.
CS
Studie osvětluje způsob Adornova kritického navázání na Hegelovu dialektiku s primárním zřetelem k otázce vztahu mezi celkem a jednotlivinou. Nejprve ukazuji, z jakých důvodů Adorno kritizuje primát celku a na základě čeho formuluje tezi, podle níž celek je nepravda. Poté věnuji pozornost Adornově koncepci imanentní kritiky: kritika vychází z norem a hodnot, které jsou vlastní společnosti, a ukazuje jejich rozpor s realitou této společnosti. Imanentní kritiku ilustruji na pojmu a realitě lidské autonomie. Adornovo hájení jedince a jeho kritika upřednostňování celku souvisí s důrazem na somatičnost existence, která umožňuje nejhmatatelněji pocítit iracionalitu (domnělého) Rozumu. Individuální zkušenost, která nikdy není jen individuální, se tak stává oporou relevantní kritiky celku, o nějž se zároveň opírá.
DE
In der vorliegenden Studie wird Adornos kritische Anknüpfung an Hegels Dialektik mit Schwerpunkt auf die Frage der Beziehung zwischen dem Ganzen und der Einzelheit erörtert. Zunächst wird gezeigt, aus welchen Gründen Adorno das Primat des Ganzen kritisiert und auf welcher Grundlage er die These formuliert, dergemäß das Ganze das Unwahre ist. Anschließend wird Adornos Konzept der immanenten Kritik einer näheren Betrachtung unterzogen: Diese Kritik geht aus von Werten und Normen, die der Gesellschaft eigen sind, und verweist auf den Widerspruch zur Realität dieser Gesellschaft. Die immanente Kritik wird anhand des Begriffs der Realität der menschlichen Autonomie aufgezeigt. Adornos Verteidigung des Einzelnen und seine Kritik an der Bevorzugung des Ganzen hängt dabei zusammen mit seiner Betonung Leiblichkeit der Existenz, die es am greifbarsten ermöglicht, die Irrationalität der (vermeintlichen) Vernunft zu spüren. Die individuelle Erfahrung, die nie rein individuell ist, wird so zur Stütze der relevanten Kritik des Ganzen, auf das sie sich gleichzeitig stützt.
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