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EN
Despite being a standard element of formalist poetics, the notion of the implied author actually resists easy conceptualisation. This paper analyses classical Western theorisations of the implied author and relates them to relevant Polish literary-theoretical studies in order to assess the utility of the concept. It demonstrates that the implied author can be construed as an anthropomorphic entity (re-)constructed by the reader on the basis of textual signals. Thus understood, the notion of the implied author throws into sharp relief a lack of straightforward correlation between the real author and the idea of author derived from the text, and therefore proves to be a useful literary-theoretical tool.
PL
Mimo że pojęcie autora implikowanego jest standardowym elementem poetyki formalistycznej, nie poddaje się ono łatwej konceptualizacji. Niniejszy artykuł analizuje klasyczne, zachodnie omówienia tego pojęcia i odnosi je do zbliżonych polskich studiów historycznoliterackich w celu określenia jego przydatności. Analiza wykazuje, że autor implikowany może być konceptualizowany jako antropomorficzny byt, (re)konstruowany przez czytelnika na podstawie sygnałów tekstowych. Takie rozumienie pojęcia autora implikowanego pozwala na podkreślenie braku prostej korelacji między rzeczywistym autorem a figurą autora wywiedzioną z tekstu i tym samym odsłania jego użyteczność jako narzędzia teoretycznoliterackiego.
EN
The article undertakes the consideration of ethics of reading in the context of narrativestrategies in reference of Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved. The logical, psychological and moral axis of novel is problem of Sethe’s rough choice to kill her daughterrather than see her return to slavery. Author of article claims that Morrison’s treatment of Sethe’s choice creates an ethical relationship with an audience. The paperpresents the Wayne Booth, Martha Nussbaum, Adam Zachary Newton, and JamesPhelan’s approaches to ethics of reading. Author relies on Phelan’s interpretationof Sethe’s choice largely. The Sethe’s deed is presented from perspective of threetellings: slave catcher, Stamp Paid and Sethe. Afterwards the Phelan’s approach issupplemented by tellings of Beloved and Denver. In conclusion author claims thatMorrison’s treatment of Sethe’s choice implies that Sethe’s deed is beyond the reachof standard ethical judgment.
EN
The article discusses Xenophon’s Anabasis. Its main aim is to present some new research perspectives for Classical Studies. It analyzes such aspects of Xenophon’s opus as author, implied author, narrator, narratee and narrative, as well as literary character and the human context. The article is a sort of introduction to narratological studies, concerning classical narrative texts, which has not so far been thoroughly tested for its inner structure.
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