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PL
In this article, I discuss how masculinity is constructed in Old Icelandic Egils saga and Njáls saga through various kinds of unmanliness (impotence, lack of facial hair, baldness, effeminacy, cowardice, old age). Both sagas demonstrate the restrictiveness of gender roles in medieval Iceland and how men become their captives. The ideal of masculinity is so exaggerated that it becomes oppressive, because everything may be used against men. It leads to failed marriages and feuds. However, Egils saga’s and Njáls saga’s treatment of gender is critical.
Ius Matrimoniale
|
2012
|
vol. 23
|
issue 17
125-138
EN
L’autore presenta il decreto di ratificazione emanato dal turno rotale c. Erlebach il 19 luglio 2007 (non pubblicato) nella causa di nullità del matrimonio dal titolo dell’impedimento della impotenza (il vaginismo) dalla convenuta. Si tratta di un caso nel quale dopo la dispensa pontificia super rato non consummato il tribunale della prima istanza ha iniziato il processo di nullità del matrimonio. Dopo la sentenza affirmativa il turno rotale (Erlebach, Ciani, Ferreira Pena) l’ha ratificata. Nel commento al decreto rotale si sottolinea il modo nel quale è stata analizzata la suddetta sentenza appellata.
EN
Małżeństwo od wieków stanowiło podstawę budowania społeczeństw, a jego zadaniem było spłodzenie i przygotowanie do życia kolejnego pokolenia. W takim rozumieniu impotencja traktowana była jako poważny problem uniemożliwiający inicjację związku. Księgi konsystorskie z terenu diecezji poznańskiej z lat 1404–1425 zawierają 22 przypadki spraw małżeństw, w których wystąpił problem impotencji. Na ich podstawie autorka odpowiada na pytania dotyczące przyczyn pojawienia się i sposobów rozwiązywania podobnych kwestii przez sądy kościelne. For centuries, marriage was the bedrock of societies, and its purpose was to beget children and prepare them for the future life. In such context, impotence was regarded as an important lack of physical capacity for consummation of the marital union. The consistorial records of the Poznań Diocese from the years 1404–25 include 22 instances of the marriages with the problem of impotence. On their basis the author answers the questions about their origins and solutions of similar matters proposed by the ecclesiastical courts.
Ius Matrimoniale
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2001
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vol. 12
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issue 6
65-85
EN
L'impotenza funzionale è un caso della disfunzione sessuale che si caratterizza di una e iologia complicata. Sotto questo aspetto la malattia fa oggetto della ricerca accurata degli biologie medici. Per ragioni della importanza al matrimonio l'impotenza è anche l'oggetto delle ricerche canoniche. Un concetto canonico della impotenza funzionale è piu stretto che lo medico. Tre elementi di atto sessuale fanno il criterio che distingue le nozioni canoniche e mediche, cio è: erectio membirs virili, penetratio in vagine et eiaculatio seminis. Incapacità per assumere di qualsiasi elemento dell'atto matrimoniale rende impossibile una realizzazione l'unità e la procreazione nel matrimonio. Gli disfunzioni di provar piacere come eiaculatio praematura sia retardata sia – presso le donne – frigiditas non fanno l'impotenza funzionale nel senso di impedimento matrimoniale. Solo carentia erecitonis, eiaculatio praecox, sia vaginismus primitivus sono i casi dell'impotenza funzionale, che potrebbero essere un impedimento canonico. Soltanto impotenza precedente e perpetua provoca invalidità del matrimonio per ragione dell'essere impedimentum dirimens (kan. 1084 §1). II carattere relativo del male non è importante per validità del patto matrimoniale. Nella canonistica ci sono due significative distinzione nell'etiologia di impotenza; il piu importante sembra divisione sull'impotenza organica e funzionale (Marucci, Sebot, Bernrde z Cantn, Vitali, Berlingo, Pompedda) e poi c' è l'altra sull'impotenza organica, funzionale e psichica (Vela, Aznar Gil). Il distinzione riguarda i fattori della causa della disfunzione. Il piu spesso qeusta divergenza consegue dal diversa classificazione delle cause funzionali; mentre alcuni considerano le disfunzioni neurologiche che vanno dalla parte organica dell'uomo, altri sembrano attribuirle alla parte psichica. La distinzione, che segue, pare di essere la soluzione proprio della questa differenza terminologica: impotenza può risultare di cause organiche e delle cause funzionale di tipo fisiologicho sia tipopsichico. L' impotenza funzionale deve essere considerata come la disfunzione di organi sessuali, che viene dalla disturbazione del centrale sistemo nervoso, mentre l'impotenza funzionale tipo psichico comprende come la disfunzione, che viene dalle cause di natura psichica (timori, traume psichiche, ripugnanza).  
EN
This article presents the main personality traits of Jean de Tinan and characteristics of his writing which is the notation of emotional crisis suffered by this prematurely died writer of fin-de-siècle. His desperate quest for love connected with “impotence of loving” reflects in imperfections and hybridity of literary creation. Autofictive texts of this author (Un document sur l’impuissance d’aimer and especially Penses-tu réussir!) indicate the crisis of novel: composed of notes, pieces of prefaces and different text excerpts these texts are written in spontaneous style, often metadiscursive and discontinuous. However, behind the negligence about format and style lays sincere emotion. Tinan’s writing is kind of asylum for the ill man. By showing suffering, it gives him kind of alleviation. This article proposes the reflexion about compensable function of Tinan’s writing.
FR
L’article présente les traits principaux de la personnalité de Jean de Tinan et de son écriture qui est l’inscription des crises sentimentales vécues par ce romancier fin-de-siècle mort prématurément. Sa recherche désespérée de l’amour conjuguée à « l’impuissance d’aimer » se reflète dans les imperfections et l’hybridité de sa création littéraire. Les textes autofictifs de Tinan, (Un document sur l’impuissance d’aimer et, plus particulièrement, Penses-tu réussir !) témoignent d’une crise du roman : composés de notes, bouts de préfaces et fragments divers, ils sont rédigés dans un style primesautier, souvent métadiscursif et discontinu à l’extrême. Cependant, derrière une négligence de la forme et du style se cache l’émotion sincère d’un mal-aimé. L’écriture de Tinan assure un refuge, voire une thérapeutique que s’est inventée un homme malade. Tout en étalant sa souffrance, celle-ci lui apporte du soulagement. L’article se propose de réfléchir sur la fonction compensatrice de l’écriture de Tinan.
PL
Więź fizyczna między małżonkami stanowi o istotnym spoiwie ich związku. Z nauczania Kościoła wynika prawda o małżeństwie, które zawiera się we wspólnocie całego życia, nie tylko w sensie czasu jej trwania, ale także w zdolności objęcia wszelkich jej wymiarów. Prawo polskie, kształtujące się w tej dziedzinie od czasów powojennych, wypracowało koncepcję więzi fizycznej, polegającej na podtrzymywaniu między małżonkami relacji cielesnych. Oba systemy prawne (prawa kanonicznego i polskiego) w równie poważny sposób odnośnie do wymagań wstępnych, jak i kontynuacji życia małżeńskiego spoglądają na impotencję. Prawo kanoniczne warunkuje możliwość zawarcia małżeństwa od zdolności do podjęcia współżycia cielesnego. Wskazuje także na instytucję dopełnienia małżeństwa, której brak może spowodować prośbę jednego z małżonków o rozwiązanie węzła. Prawo polskie nie warunkuje zdolności do zawarcia małżeństwa od zdolności do współżycia. Widzi jednak w braku współżycia (czy to wynikającego z odejścia od małżonka, czy też z impotencji) niebezpieczeństwo rozpadu związku. Niemniej jednak nakazuje też w swoim orzecznictwie, a także w doktrynie nie absolutyzować więzi fizycznej z racji na jej przemijalność.
EN
Physical bond between the spouses constitutes the essential binder of their relationship. Teaching of the Church shows the truth about marriage that includes the whole community of life, not only in terms of its duration, but also in the ability to cover all its dimensions. Polish law, emerging in the field of post-war period, has developed the concept of a physical relationship, consisting in maintaining relations between the spouses injury. Both legal systems (canon law and Polish) in an equally seriously, regarding the prerequisites, as well as the continuation of married life, look for impotence. Canon law determines the right to marry on the ability to take carnal intercourse. Also points to the consummation of the marriage institution, the lack of which can cause the request of one of the spouses of the solution node. The Polish law does not condition the ability to contracting marriage the ability to carnal intercourse. It sees, however, in the absence of cohabitation (whether arising from the departure of a spouse, or with impotence) the risk of relationship breakdown. However, it also requires in its case law and the doctrine not as absolute physical bond, because of its transience.
EN
This study is concerned with the swooning as one of the characteristic motifs of modernism, arising from a period of reflexive attention. First it will examine this in the dramas of Arthur Schnitzler Zug der Schatten and Frank Wedekind’s Erdgeist, then will turn to the demarcated realm of Central European Modernism (with support from Moritz Csáky’s characterization of Zentraleurope) as located in the works of Karel Čapek. Janáček’s libreto The Makropulos Affair comments on the basic polemics in whose background are shown the crucial importance of the motif of fainting in the overall construction of Čapek’s early works.
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