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The Law 2.0 vs. the measurability and comparability of academic output

100%
Kwiek M.
Nauka
|
2018
|
issue 1
PL
The present paper discusses the new Polish law on higher education in the context of the contrasted global and academic paradigms of university funding, governance, and organization. Its point of departure is the advent of international comparative data in higher education, the measurability of individuals, academic units and institutions in terms of research output, and the emergence of a new social contract between the state and universities. The key concepts used to evaluate the new law are competition in science, academic income structure and academic knowledge production structure, internationalists and locals in science, and vertical differentiation in national higher education systems. The new law is assessed in the context of the original reform proposal suggested by the national team of experts led by the present author and its long-term strategic choices are discussed in more detail, including a changing system of institutional evaluation, a revised system of academic degrees, and new excellence-focused national funding schemes.
2
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Czy niski udział płac w PKB prowadzi do stagnacji? Hipoteza niedostatecznego popytu konsumpcyjnego

100%
Koronowski A.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2018
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vol. 296
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issue 4
5-34
EN
This article discusses the hypothesis of underconsumption, which is a particular form of the concept of demand constraint. Rising income inequality and falling shares of labour incomes in GDP have been observed in developed countries in recent decades. In a traditional approach related to the hypothesis, wages constitute a major source of financing consumption spending, while a falling share of wages brings about a diminishing share of consumption in GDP and leads to the development of unsustainable forms of financing consumption with credit. As a consequence, high capital incomes fail to generate new investment and economies fall into stagnation. Since these developments are typical of contemporary advanced economies, the hypothesis gains credibility and is worthy of careful analysis. The article presents different interpretations of the hypothesis and related growth and equilibrium theories through the history of economic thought from early classical economists to contemporary research. The review shows that the hypothesis has been a challenge for economists and is still far from fully comprehended. The last part of the paper explains why statistical analysis is of little help in either conditionally accepting or disproving the hypothesis.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest hipoteza niedostatecznego popytu konsumpcyjnego, stanowiąca szczególną formę koncepcji ograniczenia popytowego. W ostatnich dekadach w krajach rozwiniętych rosną nierówności dochodowe, przede wszystkim następuje spadek udziału płac w PKB. Zgodnie z tradycyjnym ujęciem dochody płacowe stanowią podstawowe źródło finansowania wydatków konsumpcyjnych, a spadający udział płac znajduje odzwierciedlenie w spadku udziału konsumpcji lub w rozwoju nietrwałych form finansowania konsumpcji kredytem. W konsekwencji wysokie dochody kapitałowe nie mogą znaleźć ujścia w inwestycjach w rozwój aparatu wytwórczego; w gospodarce pojawiają się silne tendencje stagnacyjne. Ponieważ realia współczesnej gospodarki odpowiadają mechanizmom właściwym hipotezie niedostatecznego popytu, zyskuje ona na znaczeniu i warta jest uważnej analizy. Artykuł przedstawia ujęcia i interpretacje omawianej hipotezy i bliskich jej teorii wzrostu i równowagi w historii myśli ekonomicznej od czasów wczesnych klasyków po współczesność. Ten przegląd wskazuje, że hipoteza niedostatecznego popytu zawsze stanowiła – mimo swej pozornej prostoty i rzeczywistej rangi – wyzwanie dla ekonomistów i do dziś nie została właściwie przyswojona. Końcowa część artykułu poświęcona jest wyjaśnieniu trudności ze statystyczną weryfikacją (warunkowym potwierdzeniem lub falsyfikacją) hipotezy.
3
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Does Household Tax Burden Have an Impact on Individuals’ Savings in Banks? The Case of Ukraine

80%
Sudak G., Yuliia S.
Central European Economic Journal
|
2021
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vol. 8
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issue 55
378-389
EN
This paper aims to assess the impact of the effective and nominal household tax burden on household deposits in Ukrainian banks. We used the effective tax burden, which includes personal income taxes and value-added tax (VAT) paid. We considered changes in Ukrainian tax law from 2003 to 2016, which included a change from progressive income taxation to proportional income taxation, a decrease in tax rates in 2003, and an increase in tax rates in 2014–2016. The data sample consists of publicly available data on Ukrainian households’ income, savings, and taxes paid in 1996–2019. The analysis was performed using panel regression and the difference-in-difference (DID) method. The tax burden impact on bank deposits is significant and is caused partly by the shadow economy. The results of the study are relevant for Ukraine and countries with similar economies. The methodological approaches developed in the paper can be used for similar studies in other developing countries.
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