Search results

1

The development and structure of industry in the district of Ümraniye, Istanbul

100%

Temurçin K., Aldırmaz Y.

Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego

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2014

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vol. 26

207-233

EN

Ümraniye, which is a district of Istanbul, has been one of the leading centers of development in parallel with the development in outward–oriented economy and industrialization in the 1980’s in Turkey. The district which looked like a village in 1960s, having experienced rapid urbanisation and industrialisation, is now looking far from its earlier appearance. During the period of migration from suburbs to the cities, one of those who took in the biggest share of people is Ümraniye. The purpose of this study is to determine the historical development of industrialization in Ümraniye and the causes of this development, its structure, and the distribution of its sectors. As an operation of a regional industry, this study handles the features of the location of Ümraniye District, the factors that affect the industry in the district, distribution of industrial sectors, and environmental issues.

2

Struktura zawodowa ziem polskich na przełomie XIX i XX w.

100%

Koryś P., Tymiński M.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2015

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vol. 75

PL

Occupational structure of the Polish lands at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Summary)The authors present a new picture of the occupational structure of the Polish lands at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The article is based on the population censuses, carried out in Russia in 1897 and in Austria in 1900, as well as on the German economic census, conducted in 1895. In order to obtain reliable results, the authors have corrected errors found in the censuses in question. With the removal of the errors, they have been able to reconstruct the employment structures from which we can derive a more precise picture of the economic situation of the Polish lands at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The examination of the problem in question has made it possible for the authors to verify the long held view that the technological revolution in Polish lands took place at the turn of the 70s and 80s of the nineteenth century. The corrected census data show that the level of industrialization of the Polish lands in about 1900 was still very limited.

3

Charakter społeczno-gospodarczy miast powiatu łódzkiego i łęczyckiego 1807–1869

88%

Kula W.

Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku

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2019

29-380

EN

In the years 2020–2021, Łódź and other surrounding cities will celebrate the 200th anniversary of the decisions made by the authorities of the Kingdom of Poland, aimed at the industrialization of this part of Polish territory. Some of these urban centers, such as Lodz, have been successful, while most of them have not been able to develop industrially. Witold Kula, an excellent researcher of socio-economic history, wrote about these issues. So far this work has not been published and thanks to the help of prof. Marcin Kula, the author’s son, was published in a journal. Kula decided to analyze the economic and social condition of the cities located within the Łódźand Łęczyca poviats (according to the administrative status of 1921). Therefore, he was interested in the area subjected to industrialization and protection policy by the authorities of the Kingdom of Poland under the Act of Governor Józef Zajączek of 1820. The author was looking for an answer to the fundamental question which of the cities located in this area were also in the legal sense and in economic terms, and which and from an economic point of view, they did not differ from the status of a village? The conclusions and reflections contained in the work cover a long chronological period, starting from 1807 and ending with 1869, i.e. from the moment of placing Polish cities under the administration of a modern bureaucratic national magistracy, to the year in which the tsarist decree was issued to rename some settlements. cities in the governorates of the Kingdom of Poland. The subject of this work were 13 cities, namely: Grabów, Kazimierz (Łęczycki), Łęczyca, Łódź, Parzęczew, Piątek, Rzgów, Tuszyn and Zgierz, and the cities elevated to the rank of cities during the Congress Kingdom: Ozorków (1816), Aleksandrów and Poddębice (1822), Konstantynów (1830). After the reform of 1869–1870, only four of them remained towns: Łęczyca, Łódź, Ozorków and Zgierz. In implementing the theme, W. Kula assumed the following stages: “1. Overview of the basic and existing definitions of the term «city»; 2. on this basis, determining the basic economic and demographic characteristics of the city, and thus the qualification criteria of the city; 3. establishing the facts corresponding to the successful qualification criteria in individual cities in a particular period of time”. The author did not intend to issue “a firm sentence on each of the examined cities, granting or denying it the right to the” title “of the city in the economic sense. More important for him was to “establish the actual state of affairs corresponding to individual criteria, the state which, using these criteria, will sometimes lead us to various conclusions”. The work of W. Kula was based on a variety of source material, primarily the resources of the then pre-war archives, which were partially lost as a result of the tragic consequences of the Second World War. Hence, this monograph is also extremely important because it provides contemporary researchers with invaluable source material for further analyzes of the history of the cities of the Łódź region. More than a hundred tables included in the work by W. Kula with various and valuable statistical data will help in this. The monograph published in print consists of an extensive part called Introduction, divided into two chapters, the first of which is entitled Issue, and the second - Sources and studies, and two parts. The first part is entitled The economic content of the term “city” and is also divided into the following two chapters: Existing definitions of the term “city” and Eligibility criteria for urban settlements. On the other hand, the second, entitled Socio-economic character of cities in the Łęczyca and Łódź poviats, is the main part of the monograph with a source analysis of 13 cities and towns under consideration. It opens with Introductory remarks, followed by an alphabetical list of the aforementioned urban centers in terms of economic and social aspects in the following 13 sections. The work is supplemented by a bibliographic list and a list of abbreviations. The editors of the journal made only minor interference in the work by correcting typos and the so-called Czech errors, as well as by modernizing the spelling and the scientific apparatus of the monograph (in the notation of footnotes and bibliographic items), e.g. by supplementing some items, introducing currently used abbreviations, etc. Moreover, the bibliographic list that opened the work in the manuscript was moved to its end. However, no linguistic and stylistic corrections were made to reflect the character of the writing style and the way of expressing thoughts as accurately as possible by W. Kula, then a young adept of the historical guild.

4

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRIES; A STRATEGIC SECTOR FOR TECHNO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND NERVE CENTER FOR INDUSTRILIZATION IN NIGERIA

88%

Adetula Y. V., Marindoti D. M.

International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences

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2019

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vol. 10(2)

75-83

EN

The Nigerian iron and steel industry established as a basis for industrialization has remained unproductive even as the year 2020 targeted for the country to become one of the world's top 20 economies is barely a few months away. Despite, the boom in the oil sector, the value-added sector is low while the inter-sectoral linkages are weak. This implies a boom in one activity rarely affects another in the sector, but will rather impact on the foreign economy from where imports were sourced. Nigeria relies mainly on crude oil to the neglect of the iron and steel sector which is a major determinant for the industrialization of any nation. Lack of industrialization and unemployment in Nigeria today which engenders insecurity could be linked to the comatose state of the Nigerian iron and steel industry. Thus, this paper discussed the iron and steel sector as a strategic sector for rapid development and nerve center for industrialization in Nigeria. Economy, sustainable, technology, industrialization, development Nigeryjski przemysł żelaza i stali ustanowiony jako podstawa uprzemysłowienia pozostał bezproduktywny, mimo iż od roku 2020, w którym kraj ma stać się jedną z 20 największych gospodarek świata, dzieli nas zaledwie kilka miesięcy. Pomimo boomu w sektorze naftowym sektor wartości dodanej jest niski, a powiązania międzysektorowe są słabe. Oznacza to, że boom jednej działalności rzadko wpływa na inną w tym sektorze, natomiast wpływa na gospodarkę zagraniczną, z której pozyskiwano import. Gospodarka Nigerii polega głównie na ropie naftowej, zaniedbując sektor żelaza i stali, który jest głównym wyznacznikiem uprzemysłowienia każdego narodu. Brak uprzemysłowienia i bezrobocie w Nigerii, które powoduje poczucie niepewności, mogą być powiązane ze stanem śpiączki w nigeryjskim przemyśle hutniczym i stalowym. W niniejszym artykule omówiono sektor żelaza i stali jako sektor strategiczny dla szybkiego rozwoju i dla uprzemysłowienia w Nigerii. ekonomia, zrównoważony rozwój, technologia, uprzemysłowienie, rozwój

5

The development and structure of industry in the district of Bağcılar, Istanbul

88%

Temurçin K.

Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series

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2013

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vol. 20

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issue 20

95-111

EN

As a part of Istanbul Metropolis, Bağcılar has been one of the leading centers of developments in parallel with the developments in outward-oriented economy and industrialization in the 1980’s in Turkey. After these years of experiencing rapid urbanisation and industrialisation, the district has taken a look far from its earlier appearance. During this period of migration fact from suburbs to the cities, one of those who took the biggest share is Bağcılar. The purpose of this study is to determine the historical development of industrialization in Bağcılar and the causes of this development, its structure, and its sectors distribution. As an operation of a regional industry, this study handles the features of Bağcılar District Location, the factors that affect the industry in the District, the sectors distribution of industry and environmental issues.

6

Przestępczość w rejonach uprzemysławianych i zależność dynamiki przestępczości od dynamiki procesów społeczno-gospodarczych (lata 1958-1960 oraz 1964-1966)

76%

Mościskier A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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1969

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issue IV

105-147

EN

The study consists of two parts. The first part is concerned with the development of delinquency in 4 regions under intensified industrialization programmes, whereas the other part deals with the relationships between the dynamics of socio-economic processes and the dynamics of delinquency, against the background of all the provinces in Poland. The studies discussed in both parts have been based on the police statistics of offences reported on and they embrace two periods: 1958-1960 and, 1964-1966. I. To illustrate a socio-demographical character of the 4 regions under intensified industrialization programmes, in addition to a periodization of the industrialization processes, presented by Professor J. Szczepański, also a scheme of socio-demographic processes in regions under industrialization programmes, prepared by Professor Rajkiewicz, has been taken into account. Stages of industrialization on the regional levels, differentiated by Professor J. Szczepański, are as follows: 1. Planning, which includes only those tasks which are considered indispensable for preparing an all-aspect industrialization plan on the particular region's level. 2. Construction of new industrial objects and substantial auxiliary premises. 3. Initial start of new industrial plants and completion of substantial auxiliary premises. 4. Achievement of stabilization and the new balance of conditions. In Piofessor A. Rajkiewicz's scheme of socio-demografic processes in regions under industrialization programmes, the following components have been differentiated (according to their growing intensification): migration processes, occupational activation of unemployed labour, employment mobility (chiefly consisting in frequent changes of places of employment by unskilled labour), achievement and improvement of occupational skill, crew forming in new places of employment. Empirical indices have been determined for such processes and it has been ascertained at the same time, that both intensification and dynamics of migration processes, activation of unemployed labour and employment mobility, generally speaking, achieved greatest intensity in stages of construction of industrial objects and of initial start of new industrial plants (especially in its primitive phase). On the other hand, the processes of achievement and improvement of occupational skills as well as that of the formation of crews in new places of employment were particularly characteristic for the stage of stabilization and new balance of interhuman relations. Problems of migration processes, occupational activation of unemployed labour as well as the problem of employment mobility, are related with the increased horizontal mobility. Since their nature consists either in mass migration or in frequent changes of places of employment by unskilled labour, therefore, those processes lead to the relaxation of environmental ties and to the slackening of social control over the individuals concerned. Thus, such processes may favour the development of certain forms of social disorganization including the intensification of delinquency. The processes of achievęment and improvement of occupational qualifications by those employed in the national economy or the processes of crew forming in new places of employment substantially consist in achieving a mass advance of individuals within a social structure and create conditions capable of developing stabilized communities with a normally functioning social control. Therefore, such processes may be recognized to be one of the social vertical mobility forms which consists in a mass advance of social nature in the population of the region concerned. Such a phenomenon should exercise some inhibitive influence on any signs of social disorganization and, consequently, on a decrease in delinquency. The abovementioned hypotheses have been confirmed by the findings obtained from the investigations of the development of delinquency observed in 4 regions under intensified industrialization programmes. To begin with, the total delinquency rates and dynamics in the regions in question were confronted with those in the provinces concerned. As for 1964-1966, it had been found that delinquency rates in the regions under industrialization programmes were considerably higher than those in the provinces. The total delinquency rate per 10 thousand inhabitants of the regions under industrialization programmes was 131.89 while that of the provinces concerned - 104.10. The biggest difference was found in the offences against social property, the rates having been 34.01 and 20.75, respectively; a significant difference was also found in robberies (1.06 against 0.66), clerical offences, very severe and severe bodily injury and offences against private property. Having confronted the delinquency dynamics between 1958-1960 and 1964-1966, it has been established that in the latter period, the rates of delinquency had considerably increased in the regions under industrialization programmes and showed simultaneous decrease in the provinces concerned. The general delinquency rates in the regions increased by 19.9 percent and those in the provinces decreased by 11.4 per cent. In the regions under industrialization programmes, the highest increase was noted in the robbery rate, namely by 165.0 per cent, against that by 46,7 per cent in the provinces; next came offences against social property (an increase in rate by 55.9 per cent in the regions and a decrease by 12.7 per cent in the provinces), finally, offences against private property (an increase in rate by 16.9 in the regions and a decrease by 16.9 per cent in the province). Of particular importance seems to be a finding from that analysis which concludes that the increase in delinquency in the particular regions of intensified industrialization programmes appears to be closely related with the industrialization stages achieved in those particular regions, on the one hand, and with the intensity or-some of the abovediscussed socio-economic processes, on the other. In 1964-1966, out of the four studied regions under intensified industrialization programmes, the first one reached the stage of construction of industrial objects and substantial auxiliary premises, the second and the third - were in the course of the initial start of new industrial plants and the completion of substantial auxiliary premises, and in the fourth one - stabilization and new balance of conditions was partially achieved. At the same time, in the first three regions, one observed considerable intensity of migration processes, occupational activation of unemployed labour and employment mobility which - as has already been mentioned - were connected with the increased social horizontal mobility. However, in the fourth region, the intensity of such processes was already considerably lower though other processes manifested themselves more clearly, namely the processes of achievement and improvement of occupational skills by those employed in the social economy as well as the process of the formation of crews in new places of employment, i.e., those processes which owing to the nature of the mass social advance are one of the forms of social vertical mobility. In 1958-1960 and 1964-1966, in the first three regions of intensified industrialization, there was an apparent increase in delinquency rates, especially in the latter period, in which the regional rates were considerably higher than the provincial ones. But at the same time in the fourth region, there was an evident decrease in delinquency rates and as for 1964-1966, the rates were even lower than in the province concerned. It may then be assumed that it is only two stages of intensified industrialization which might be recognized as those whięh favour an increase in delinquency rates, namely: the stages of construction of new industrial objects and of the initial start of new plants. The most rapid increase in delinquency rates is observed in the course of a few years after capital investments have been commenced, i.e. in the stage of construction of new industrial objects and in the early stage of the initial start of new industrial plants. It should be expected that higher rates of delinquency in the regions of intensified industrialization have a temporary character only, connected with greater social horizontal mobility and will certainly decline in accordance with the intensification of the processes of social advance of the population concerned. II. In the second part of the study, the relationships between the dynamics of socio-economic processes and that of delinquency have been analysed on the basis of the material collected from all the provinces in Poland. 79 variables were used in the analysis, including 15 concerned with delinquency. The rate was defined as a per-cent increase or decrease in the individual variables values in 1964-1966 against 1958-1960 (the value of the variable for 1958-1960 was 100 per cent). A method by J. Perkal, a Polish mathematician, was used, the so called ,,analysis of a set of characteristic" which is a simplification of L. L. Thurstone's multiplefactor analysis. 18 factors, referred to as processes, were obtained. 6 of these are particularly important for the topic of this study. Before we proceed with the discussion of the findings of that analysis mention must be made of the fact that in Poland, as compared with 1958-1960, a general decrease in the number of offences took place in 1964-1966. This is reflected in the formulations, concerning the relationships between the dynamics of socio-economic processes and that of delinquency, where mostly a slower or quicker decease in the number of offences, connected with the given process, is mentioned and not an increase of the delinquency itself. First of all, let us list three essential processes - from the industrialization and urbanization problems point of view - which in the light of the analysis failed to have shown any significant relation with the delinquency dynamics: 1. The rate of the economic development of the provinces (it should be noted, however, that there is a slight dependence between that process and an increase in juvenile delinquency). 2. The rate of the industrialization progress in the provinces. 3. The rate of the increment of the urban population in the provinces (it should be pointed out that recently in Poland, contrary to many other countries, migration to towns, having to a considerable extent been limited and controlled, essentially consists in a migration of experts wanted for the national economy). Let us mention now three socio-economic processes whose relationships with the delinquency dynamics are apparent: 4. A process, clearly marked in certain provinces, characterized by swift increment of the density of population, showing stabilization in a majority of branches of the national economy, (except for an increase in agricultural production), a process which, as compared with other provinces, is connected with a slower decrease in general delinquency, and especially with a decrease in offences against social or private property and in very severe or severe bodily injury. A swift increment of the population number which, except for agriculture, in certain areas was not accompanied by adequately swift economic progress seems to be a factor that might have a disadvantageous effect on the development of delinquency, adding in those areas to a slower decrease in delinquency rates. 5. A process, marked in certain provinces only, in which an increase in the proportion of employees of the lowest education level is observed, is connected, as compared with other provinces, with a slower rate of decrease in the total number of offences, especially of those against social or private property, on one hand, and with a quicker rate of increase in offences against public order officers and in certain offences against the person, on the other. It should be noted that that particular process is approximate in character to one which was dealt with in the first part of this study, typical for intensified industrialization, a process, manifesting itself by increased fluctuations of crews in new employment places, i.e. one of employment mobility. 6. The rate of growth of capital investments in the provinces shows a significant relationship with a quicker rate of housebreaking and a slower decrease in the number of clerical offences. An increase in the number of housebreaking is probably related to increased numbers of unskilled and ill-stabilized labour employed in capital investments. These are, in our opinion, the most important social and economic processes, differentiated as a result of an analysis of the material collected, whose relationships with the delinquency dynamics have already been discussed. First of all, most interesting is the fact that in the reporting provinces and periods of time such processes, as economic development, increased industrialization and increment of the urban population do not reveal any relationships with the delinquency dynamics. General views claiming close relations between,the processes mentioned and delinquency had somehow been shaken thereby. The final findings of our analysis have been confirmed by an undoubtful fact that in the reporting period in the province of Katowice, the most industrialized and urbanized province in Poland, there was the highest decrease in delinquency rates as compared with other provinces, and in 7964-1966, delinquency rates for the province of Katowice were much lower than the average rates for the country as a whole. It may then be assumed that there is no causation between such processes, as economic development, increased industrialization and increment of the urban population and the delinquency dynamics. Should in certain studies the two phenomena be found to appear, this would probably be due to other factors which failed to have been differentiated in the findings of such studies. Having considered the conclusions set forth in points 5 and 6, we believe that one of such factors is the social horizontal mobility which diminishes human environmental ties and limits possibilities for social control of individuals. Let us remember that point 5 was connected with a process characterized, among other things, by increased fluctuations of new plants' crews while point 6 - with a process of increased rates of capital construction where apparently, in that sort of work, poorly stabilized occupational categories are grouped. Simultaneously, both abovementioned processes reveal statistically significant connections with the delinquency dynamics. These remarks were confirmed by the conclusions drawn in the first part of this study, where it had been pointed out that increased rates and growth of delinquency in the regions under intensified industrialization programmes were related to sociodemographic processes characteristic for the social horizontal mobility. The sociodemographic processes, connected with an increased social horizontal mobility, consisting in migration and in frequent changes of employment by unskilled labour in general, are particularly intensified in an early phase of industrialization, i.e. in stages of construction, of new industrial objects and substantial auxiliary premise and of initial start of new industrial plants. But the later industrialization stages, where a phenomenon of a mass social advance of the population is observed, are not connected with increased delinquency rates.

7

Modern Literature after the 1960s in Korea

75%

Li S.

International Journal of Area Studies

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2016

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vol. 11

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issue 1

25-37

EN

Since the beginning of the 1990s in Korea, the category and definition of new generation literature have become the topic of heated debate. One may understand this tendency as ‘generation severance’, ‘alienation between social classes’, or the ‘consumption-oriented culture of the masses’. Here, we call the literary youth born in approximately 1960 ‘the new generation’. In literature, the new generation refers to the appearance of a new culture and way of thinking. This generation passed their childhood in the 1970s and faced no such great difficulties as their parents combating poverty. However, they grew up under the indirect influence of a dark political outlook and suppression. Generally, they have a great affection for the culture produced by mass media. If we compare their development process with the literary stream in Korea, the 1960s could be defined as the era of literature for independence and strong self-awareness, the 1970s as the era for people, the 1980s as the era for the rights or emancipation of labour, and the 1990s as the era of new generation literature. Meanwhile, the appearance of the ‘Korean Wave’, or so-called ‘Hallyu’, has become one of the most beloved popular cultural phenomena both in Asia and in other countries since the late 1990s.

8

KOBIETA W PRUSACH 1871–1933

75%

Łukasiewicz D.

Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW

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2017

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issue 2

45-74

EN

In Prussia the turn of the 20th century brought about enormous civilization progress which was accompanied by an improvement in the standards of living. This process had already taken place in the German Reich and was followed by political, social and economic changes which affected women as well. Most importantly, at that time they gradually won more educational rights. Until the 19th century women’s educational attainment was limited to primary education and home schooling by governesses. Subsequently, girls were admitted to secondary schools for girls and eventually they were granted the right to sit high school final examinations and access tertiary education. Since mid-19th century women were allowed to join political organizations and after World War I they acquired political rights. Although much depended on a person’s individual disposition and personality, the middle-class mentality of the time was considerably patriarchal, hence equal rights in real interpersonal relationships became a fact only in the 20th century. Contrary to popular misconceptions, working women were commonplace already in the 19th century; unfortunately, as a rule the reason for women’s work was poverty, while attractive professions requiring high qualifications remained unavailable to women. The first changes consisted in allowing women into the teaching profession on graduating from teacher training colleges and then allowing them into the medical and legal colleges and professions. As a consequence of a dramatic decrease in the rate of infant and child mortality, women ceased to be ‘birth machines’, as they had been perceived until then, and instead of giving birth to six or eight children, they had two or three, which had a dramatic impact on their living conditions and opened new life perspectives for them.

9

Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy przykładem socjologicznej wyobraźni jego twórców

75%

Zawada P.

Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe

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2019

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vol. 40

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issue 4

103-116

EN

In defining the place and significance of the Central Industrial District (COP) in Polish history and economy, it is impossible to overlook the numerous components of this complex economic undertaking, the plan whose main purpose was to increase the level of defence capabilities of the Second Polish Republic and to offset the differences in the economic sphere of particular areas of Poland. In addition to a few historical issues, the article presents the achievements of the Aviation Valley, an association listed among the key national clusters, created as a result of a specific organizational culture implemented in Sub-Carpathian Region since the beginning of the COP.

PL

Przy definiowaniu miejsca i znaczenia Centralnego Okręgu Przemysłowego – COP w polskiej historii i polskiej gospodarce nie sposób nie zauważyć licznych elementów składowych tego skomplikowanego przedsięwzięcia gospodarczego, planu, którego zasadniczym celem było zwiększenie poziomu obronności II RP i zniwelowanie różnic w sferze gospodarczej poszczególnych obszarów Polski, począwszy od 1937 r. Na uwagę zasługuje także fakt, że działania zapoczątkowane w tamtym okresie w dalszym czasie przekładają się na to, co dzieje się w życiu gospodarczym i społecznym województwa podkarpackiego, na przykład powstanie i działalność Stowarzyszenia Dolina Lotnicza.

10

Ksiądz Jan Bosko wobec wykluczenia społecznego młodzieży włoskiej w XIX wieku

75%

Niewęgłowski J.

Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe

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2011

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vol. 30

195-207

EN

Nowadays we use the term ‘social exclusion’. In the times of St. John Bosco the above mentioned term was not known but still the youth was affected by that fact. In the 19th century in Italy and in Piemonte in particular the fact of social exclusion was evident among the youth. This article is aimed to portray St. John Bosco as the one who helps the young socially excluded and deprived of family life. The very first reaction of John Bosco was his creation of his oratory for the young deprived of their own home. John Bosco would extend his offer of help to the young with the passage of time. He would build schools, boarding schools, junior high schools, vocational schools and other centres of education for them. He himself also created a unique method of educating of the young called “the preventive system”. He turned to religion, love and mind of the human-being who needs assistance and family atmosphere. The author also tries to highlight the social, economic and political situation of Italy of that time which contributed to the social exclusion of the young.

11

Transfer modelów zarządzania przez zagranicznych przemysłowców na teren południa Rosji u schyłku XIX i na początku XX wieku

75%

Kulikov V.

Res Historica

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2015

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issue 39

EN

The paper presents a research into processes of transfer of managerial models and practices by foreign industrialists to Russia during the period of pre-Soviet industrialization based on an analysis of industrial censuses and further official statistics, as well as unpublished sources housed in local Ukrainian archives.

PL

Niniejsza praca prezentuje badania nad procesem transferu na grunt rosyjski modelu zarządzania i praktyk stosowanych w przemyśle przez cudzoziemców w okresie przedsowieckim na podstawie rozwoju przemysłu, oficjalnych statystyk rządowych i niepublikowanych materiałów z lokalnych archiwów ukraińskich.

12

Vliv industrializace na změnu krajiny ostravsko-karvinského revíru. Příklad Slezské Ostravy a její proměny v 19. a 20. století

75%

Popelka P., Popelková R., Mulková M.

Historická geografie (Historical Geography)

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2013

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vol. 39

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issue 1

49-84

EN

Slezská (prior 1919 called Polská) Ostrava is linked with the beginnings of coal mining in Ostrava region, which began as early as the last quarter of the 18th century. Mining activities caused the first damages to the building development around the mid-19th century and the increased mining output began to affect land use as well. These trends intensified in the 20th century. This case study analyzes the effect of the industrialization process on the landscape of the western part of the Ostrava-Karviná mining district; it is a part of a larger project, focused on the historical development of landscape in the Ostrava- Karviná mining district in the 19th and 20th centuries.

13

"Stejně vše zahladí a srovná jednou voda." Vodní dílo Lipno a jeho role v budování poválečného československého pohraničí

75%

Švarná E.

Střed. Časopis pro mezioborová studia Střední Evropy 19. a 20. století. / Centre. Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies of Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries.

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2023

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vol. 15

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issue 1

44-74

EN

The study follows the works of Eagle Glassheim dedicated to the post-war development of the Most region, which resulted in the devastation of the local environment in the 1970s and 1980s. It inquires about how the new regional identity of the settlers was formed in the area of present- -day Lipno, to what extent it was affected by the industrial development of the locality and how it influenced the attitude of the locals to the inhabited landscape. In comparison with Glassheim’s conclusions, the study explains the different consequences of the post-war development of the Lipno region. Despite extensive industrial interventions in the landscape, the region became a popular and sought-after tourist destination. A fundamental role in this development is attributed to water as a natural landscape element with the ability to erase traces of artificial interventions in the landscape, as well as unwanted cultural and historical traces of the original German settlement.

14

Nowe Miasto w Szadku w kartografii XIX-wiecznej – niezrealizowane obietnice nowej przestrzeni społecznej

75%

Głąb Z.

Biuletyn Szadkowski

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2020

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issue 20

9-19

PL

Analiza XIX-wiecznych planów miejskich Szadku pokazuje koncepcję Nowego Miasta jako kolejnego etapu rozwoju ośrodka o tradycjach sukienniczych. Planowana przebudowa tej części miasta, jak również sprowadzenie nowych osadników, wpisywała się w ówczesną akcję industrializacyjną będąc jednocześnie pewnego rodzaju obietnicą lepszego życia. Obietnica ta jednak nie została spełniona, a działanie zamknęło się głównie w sferze „gabinetowej” kół rządowych i pracowniach kartografów. Niemniej jednak interesujące jest prześledzenie tego fragmentu historii będącego częścią większego planu industrializacji Królestwa Polskiego i wskazanie przyczyn niepowodzenia podjętych działań.

EN

Analysis of 19th century urban development plans for Szadek reveals a concept of Nowe Miasto as a successive stage in developing a centre with textile traditions. The planned rebuilding of this segment of the city was part of the industrialization action carried on at that time, being at the same time a promise of a better life. The promise, however, had not been fulfilled, as the project never went beyond government agendas and cartographic workshops. Nevertheless, it is interesting to look at this fragment of history being part of a larger plan of industrialization of the Kingdom of Poland, and to identify reasons for the failure of this project.

15

Przekształcenia strukturalne w procesie rozwoju gospodarczego: modyfikacje i rozszerzenia

71%

Winiecki J.

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

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2014

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vol. 76

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issue 2

271-292

EN

Economies not only grow, but also change their output structure in the process. Although structural changes take place throughout the whole process of economic development, the author identifies certain phases of that process, which in his opinion are of particular significance. They are: industrialisation (a shift in the development engine role from agriculture to industry) and an emerging engine role of human capital-intensive services (a shift of dominance from industry to services). The first of these phases has been intellectually much better researched than the second. There are numerous researches that prove general standardised patterns of structural transformation as well as differences between them. The author notes that the inflection point, when the share of the manufacturing sector reaches its maximum level (between 30% and 40% GDP), is probably somewhat overstated, given various distortions generated by activist developmental strategies. Also, he points out to the studies that place the beginning of intensive growth (growth on per capita basis) in poor countries at a much earlier date than it would arise from the established literature sources. The second phase is less well recognised both theoretically and empirically. There are no ‘fixed’ issues and the theoretical part, as well as the empirical, are at the very early stage of development. The only certain fact, or constant, is the positive correlation between the level of development (in terms of GNP p.c.) and the share of human capital-intensive services calculated in different ways. The author’s contribution to the study of the second phase of transformations concerns the link between the level of GNP p.c. and the level of economic and civic freedoms. It is stressed that while in the industrialisation process the correlation between the two variables is weak, it is much stronger in the second major phase of emerging dominance of human capital-intensive services.

PL

Gospodarki nie tylko rosną, ale zmieniają swoją strukturę w procesie wzrostu. Ponadto, chociaż zmiany strukturalne następują w całym procesie rozwoju gospodarczego, istnieją – zdaniem autora – dwie fazy procesu zmian strukturalnych, które z racji ich znaczenia zasługują na specjalną uwagę badaczy. Są to industrializacja (przesunięcie roli silnika wzrostu z sektora rolnictwa do sektora przemysłu) oraz współcześnie przesuwanie się tejże roli z przemysłu przetwórczego do usług o wysokim udziale kapitału ludzkiego. Pierwsza faza jest znacznie lepiej rozpoznana intelektualnie. Rozliczne badania ukazują ogólne prawidłowości strukturalnych transformacji i ich zróżnicowanie. Autor wskazuje w swoich komentarzach jedynie na potrzeby pewnych, niewielkich korekt. Na przykład nieco niższego pułapu udziału przemysłu przetwórczego w PKB, po osiągnięciu którego następuje zmniejszanie się tego udziału, niż sugeruje to literatura przedmiotu. Zwraca on też uwagę, że nowsze badania wskazują na znacznie wcześniejszy moment rozpoczęcia intensywnego wzrostu gospodarczego i wzrostu udziału przemysłu przetwórczego, niż wynika to z uznanej za standard literatury przedmiotu. Druga faza transformacji strukturalnych znajduje się z punktu widzenia badawczego jeszcze w powijakach. Właściwie brak teoretycznych pewników, nie mówiąc już o solidnej bazie empirycznej. Jedyny pewnik to pozytywna korelacja udziału (różnie mierzonych) udziałów subsektora usług o wysokim nasyceniu kapitałem ludzkim z poziomem PKB per capita. Przedmiotem dyskusji jest nawet to, czy przesuwanie się produkcji i zatrudnienia do sektora usług jest szkodliwą deindustrializacją czy pozytywnym przesunięciem popytu i podaży w kierunku wykorzystującym wysoki poziom kwalifikacji mieszkańców bogatego Zachodu. Autor artykułu prezentuje swój wkład w debatę w kwestii determinant owych przesunięć roli silnika wzrostu. Zwraca on uwagę, w ślad za Fukuyamą, że w procesie industrializacji wolności ekonomiczne i obywatelskie odgrywają mniejszą rolę wzmacniającą ten proces. Wskazuje jednak, że ich siła oddziaływania rośnie wraz ze wzrostem PKB per capita i rosnącym udziałem usług o wysokim nasyceniu kapitałem ludzkim. Teza autora znajduje potwierdzenie empiryczne.

16

The Beginnings of the Working Class. The problem of the working hands in Polish industry in the epoch of Stanisław August (fragments)

71%

Assorodobraj N.

Praktyka Teoretyczna

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2020

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vol. 36

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issue 2

67-103

PL

Fragmenty książki Początki klasy robotniczej (na podstawie pracy doktor-skiej Les débuts de la classe ouvrière z 1936 r.) opublikowanej po polsku w roku 1946 dają wgląd w historię „ludzi luźnych” w osiemnastowiecznej Polsce. Tekst pisany w oparciu o archiwalne dokumenty, zarządzenia i fragmenty z prasy ujmuje problem z wielu punktów widzenia, pokazując złożoną historię tej grupy społecznej i tego, jak za pomocą kolejnych decyzji prawnych i administracyjnych była ona systematycznie delegalizowana i asymilowana. Niejednorodna populacja ludzi luźnych, podejmujących się najróżniejszych zajęć i prac, z jednej strony widziana jest jako zbiorowisko przestępców i próżniaków, z drugiej strony stanowi zasób siły roboczej, którego rodzący się przemysł bardzo potrzebuje.

EN

Fragments of the book Początki klasy robotniczej published in 1946 (on the base of author’s PhD thesis, Les débuts de la classe ouvrière published originally in 1936) give insight to history of Polish vagabonds in eighteen century. Text based on archival documents, ordinances and fragments from the press depicts the problem from multiple points of view, showing the complex history of this social group and how it was systematically delegalized and assimilated by consequent legal and administrative decisions. Motley population of vagabonds, entertaining miscellaneous ways of living and working was on one hand viewed as a bunch villains or idlers, but on the other constituted a reservoir of workforce, much in need for the nascent industry.

17

«Ciało» na wojnie. Wokół Soli ziemi Józefa Wittlina

71%

Koper B.

Polonistyka. Innowacje

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2016

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issue 3

13-22

EN

The article introduces methodology of cultural studies depicting the soldier’s body in Józef Wittlin’s novel Sól ziemi (The Salt of the Earth). Texts about the novel and articles from other scientific disciplines (for example history, philosophy, medicine) allow to draw a wide context of interpretation. They show that changes in the perception of a body depend on scientific progress and industrialization. World War I allows Wittlin to reveal the ambiguous progress of medical science which can cure crippled bodies, but at the same time it requires the very same war to evolve. The literary reflection and discourses of natural and social sciences help us to understand changes that happened in Europe in the 20th century and to notice their present repercussions.

PL

Artykuł przybliża metodologię badań kulturowych na przykładzie analizy obrazowania ciała żołnierza w powieści Józefa Wittlina Sól ziemi. Teksty wokół powieści oraz artykuły z innych dyscyplin (historia, filozofia, medycyna) pozwalają nakreślić szeroki kontekst interpretacyjny. Pokazują, że zmiany w postrzeganiu ciała wiążą się z postępem nauki i industrializacją. Odczytanie powieści z perspektywy badań kulturowych pozwala ujawnić niejednoznaczność postępu nauk medycznych, które potrafią naprawiać okaleczone ciała żołnierzy, jednocześnie przyczyniając się do rozwoju okrutnych metod walk. Refleksja literacka razem z dyskursami nauk przyrodniczych i społecznych pozwala zrozumieć przemiany, jakie dokonały się w Europie w XX wieku, i dostrzec ich skutki we współczesności.

18

Nowoczesność i utrata

71%

Flatley J.

Praktyka Teoretyczna

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2014

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vol. 13

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issue 3

245-254

EN

The following text is a translation of fragment of Jonathan Flatley’s book Affective Mapping Melancholia and the Politics of Modernism. The suprising claim of Affective Mapping is that dwelling on loss and melancholia is not necessarily depressing. Flatley argues that melancholy can lead people and writers to productively re-map their relationship to the world. Modernism is an accurate portrait of these processes and related consequences.

PL

Poniższy tekst jest tłumaczeniem fragmentu książki Jonathana Flatley’a Affective Mapping Melancholia and the Politics of Modernism. Zaskakujące twierdzenie, na którym autor opiera swój wywód, dotyczy melancholii i związanej z nią utraty. Okazuje się bowiem, iż nie wszystkie melancholie są przygnębiające. Obrazując szlaki modernizacji, Flatley wskazuje na rolę i znaczenie utraty, która nie tylko miała wpływ, ale często kreśliła twórczą mapę pisarzy oraz wyznaczała tor zachodzących zmian społeczno-kulturowych.

19

Industrializacja i deindustrializacja gospodarki. Przyczynek do dyskusji nad reindustrializacją gospodarki Polski

63%

Śliwa R., Waląg P.

Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy

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2017

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vol. 52

121-135

PL

Głównym celem opracowania jest ukazanie przebiegu procesów zmian strukturalnych w warunkach Polski jako gospodarki, która wchodząc w fazę deindustrializacji nie wyczerpała jeszcze w pełni potencjału, jaki kryje industrializacja, z wciąż nienasyconym popytem wewnętrznym na dobra przemysłowe i niewykorzystanymi możliwościami wypracowania silniejszych niż dotychczas przewag komparatywnych. Na bazie teoretycznej prezentacji problematyki industrializacji i deindustrializacji gospodarek przeprowadzona została analiza uwarunkowań gospodarki Polski. Posłużono się prostymi miarami takimi jak te z pierwszego prawa Kaldora, miary nasycenia popytu sektorowego, PKB na godzinę przepracowaną, PKB per capita. Uzyskane w trakcie analizy wnioski wskazują na industrializację jako ważne źródło wzrostu wydajności pracy i dochodu w Polsce i uzasadniają podejście do reindustrializacji jako elementu polityki gospodarczej w procesie rozwojowego nadganiania.

EN

The main objective of the paper is to outline the course of the process of structural change in the condition of the economy of Poland. Poland perceived as an example of an economy that enters the phase of deindustrialization without fully drained the potential of industrialization – demand for industrial goods not saturated and still existing possibilities to strengthen comparative advantages. The theoretical approach to industrialization and deindustrialization of an economy serves as a background to further investigation of the problems on the grounds of the economy of Poland. The analysis of the conditions of Polish economy is undertaken by the means of simple measures such as the first Kaldor law, the saturation of sectoral demand, GDP per hour worked, GDP per capita. Following the presented analysis, industrialization as an important source of productivity and income emerges as an indispensable element of economic policy of Poland on the way to catch up.

20

Dekada Zjazdu w Kamieniu Śląskim

63%

Pabiś-Orzeszyna M.

Kwartalnik Filmowy

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2023

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issue 123 Tempo i rytm

231-239

PL

W książce Od Wydziału Propagandy Filmowej do Centralnego Urzędu Kinematografii. Pierwsza dekada partyjno-państwowego monopolu w polskim kinie (2022) Ewa Gębicka opisuje jeden z najbardziej niejednoznacznych okresów w historii środkowoeuropejskiego filmu – powojenne lata 1944-1955. Przekonuje, że przyjęty w filmoznawstwie podział na chaotyczne rządy twórców (1944-1947) i czas zintensyfikowanej ofensywy władzy politycznej (1948-1955) jest trafny, a całe dziesięciolecie ocenia krytycznie – jako ślepą uliczkę lekceważenia autonomii kultury artystycznej, potrzeb widowni oraz wolnorynkowej, jej zdaniem, istoty kinematografii. Jej wnioski są rezultatem wieloletnich kwerend w AAN oraz FINA. Autorka wykonała ogromną pracę naukową, istnieje więc pokusa, aby ją zreferować i zaakceptować jako daną. Jednak interpretacje Gębickiej zasługują na dialog, a historiograficzna poetyka, którą reprezentuje, powinna być rozumiana jako emblemat przemian stylów badania kina PRL, ze wszystkimi zaletami i ambiwalencjami.

EN

In her book Od Wydziału Propagandy Filmowej do Centralnego Urzędu Kinematografii. Pierwsza dekada partyjno-państwowego monopolu w polskim kinie [From the Department of Film Propaganda to the Central Office of Cinema: The First Decade of Party-State Monopoly in Polish Cinema] (2022), Ewa Gębicka describes one of the most ambiguous periods in the history of Central European film: the years 1944-1955. She argues that the periodization accepted in film studies – the chaotic reign of filmmakers (1944-1947) followed by the offensive of political power (1948-1955) is accurate. Her assessment of the entire decade is critical: she pictures the postwar decade as a period of disregard for the autonomy of art, the needs of the audience, and the alleged free-market essence of cinema. Her conclusions are grounded in archival research. And since Gębicka has done massive work, there is a temptation to accept it as a given. However, her interpretations deserve a dialogue. The historiographical poetics she represents should be understood as emblematic of the changing ways of studying the cinema of the Polish People’s Republic, with all their advantages and ambivalences.

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