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EN
The medical application of honey has a long tradition. In antiquity it was used as a potent substance with dietary and medicinal attributes. Based on Celsus’ texts we know that the ancient Romans used honey primarily in treating skin conditions, including inflammations such as Erysipelas, wounds, all types of ulcers and eye diseases. Celsus mentioned honey in numerous formulas, but he did not distinguish between its types or the ways in which it was obtained. More attention was paid to such matters in the following centuries. This can be observed by analysing the formulas included in the works of younger authors.
EN
BackgroundHand hygiene (HH) is the simplest and the most fundamental means of hospital-acquired infection (HAI) prevention in both hospitals and long-term care facilities (LTCFs) which differ as to their structure, organization and epidemiology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of, and attitudes towards, compliance with the HH guidelines by medical staff of LTCFs and hospitals, in the context of infection control organization.Material and MethodsThe study was carried out among medical staff of LTCFs and hospitals using an anonymous questionnaire designed by the authors. The questionnaire was composed of 22 questions.ResultsAmong 237 healthcare workers from LTCFs and hospitals (51.5% vs. 48.5%), the vast majority were women (97.5% vs. 94.8%), who were nurses (86.9% vs. 91.3%) with 21–30 years of experience (28.5% vs. 44.3%). The respondents, both working in hospitals and in LTCFs, declared that there was some surveillance of HAIs in their workplace – 78.8% vs. 87.8%, respectively, p = 0.082. However, the respondents from LTCFs significantly more often than those working in hospitals declared the lack of HAI registration (12.3% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.002), as well as the lack of surveillance of multidrug-resistant microorganisms (16.4% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.010). Although the knowledge of WHO HH guidelines was declared by over 90% of the respondents, only about 70% of them (with no significant difference between both types of facilities) properly indicated the 5 moments of HH.ConclusionsThe results of the study indicate that the organizational conditions and practice of HH in LTCFs and hospitals present some differences. Therefore, there is a need for observational studies concerning HH in the context of the structure and organization of infection control, as they are necessary for the development and implementation of effective programs to improve the situation in this field.
PL
Do czasów obecnych miało miejsce sześć pandemii cholery, z których druga była jedną z najsilniejszych. Najbardziej tragicznie w historii wielu krajów zaznaczył się rok 1848, zwłaszcza Rosji, przez tereny której przeszła najsilniejsza epidemia. Z północno-zachodnich guberni Imperium największe straty w ludziach poniosła gubernia mohylewska, w której w ciągu sześciu miesięcy zachorowało ponad 48 tys. Ludzi (31,4% z nich zmarło). Epidemia wybuchła w powiecie orszańskim w dniu 29 maja, obejmując kolejno pozostałe powiaty i trwała w guberni do 29 listopada 1848 roku. Biorąc pod uwagę współczynnik zapadalności, najwięcej przypadków zachorowań odnotowano w powiecie orszańskim (139,6 osób na 1000 mieszkańców) oraz siennieńskim (92 osoby na 1000). W powiecie orszańskim największy był również współczynnik umieralności (40,3 osoby na 1000), zaś największa śmiertelność wystąpiła w powiecie mohylewskim, w którym zmarła ponad połowa (51,4%) wszystkich chorych. Przyczyną tak wielkich strat były między innymi warunki geofizyczne guberni, ale również społeczno-cywilizacyjne. Panujący wówczas głód, niedożywienie, a w konsekwencji osłabienie organizmów sprzyjały wysokiej zapadalności na cholerę, a brak wystarczającej znajomości choroby przez lekarzy skutkował wysoką śmiertelnością.
EN
There have been six cholera pandemics to date, the second of of which was the biggest. The year 1848, when the worst epidemic swept through the land, proved to be the most deadly in the history of many countries, Russia in particular. Among the Northwestern Russian governorates, it was that of Mogilev which suffered most and where, within six months, over 48,000 people fell sick, with 31.4% of them dying. The epidemic broke out in the district of Orsza on May 29, from where it spread into other districts and remained in the governorate until November 29, 1848. Taking the incidence rate into consideration, the highest number of infections was recorded in the districts of Orsza (139.6 people per 1,000 inhabitants) and Sienno (92 people per 1,000). The mortality rate was also the highest in the district of Orsza (40.3 people per 1,000), whereas the highest mortality rate occurred in the district of Mogilev, where over a half of those infected died (51.4%). The reasons for such huge losses included the geophysical conditions in the governorate and also social and civilizational determinants. Famine, malnutrition and weakened bodies favored the high incidence rate of cholera which, together with the inadequate knowledge doctors had of it, resulted in high mortality.
PL
Proces zapalny jest podstawowym zjawiskiem w przebiegu infekcji i korzystnym, gdy trwa krótko. Przewlekłe zapalenie jest z kolei stanem patologicznym, które leży u podłoża licznych chorób, w tym coraz częstszych chorób autoimmunizacyjnych. Obecnie wiadomo, że sposób odżywiania oddziałuje na mikrobiotę jelitową. Ta natomiast, jako kluczowy element układu immunologicznego, jest ściśle powiązana z funkcjami obronnymi organizmu. Odporność i sprawność zwalczania infekcji mogą być skutecznie wspierane poprzez odpowiednie składniki pożywienia. Ponadto naturalne produkty immunostymulujące wykazują duży potencjał w prewencji oraz łagodzeniu przewlekłego stanu zapalnego. Celem pracy jest przybliżenie zjawiska procesu zapalnego i zakresu możliwości modulowania go poprzez odżywianie, zarówno w stanach ostrych, jak i przewlekłych.
EN
The inflammation process is essential in the course of developing infection and beneficial when it lasts for a short period. Conversely, chronic inflammation represents a pathological condition that lies at the bottom of numerous disorders, including the increasingly common autoimmune diseases. Nowadays it is commonly known that our eating habits affect the gut microbiota. Being the key element of the immune system, it is thus highly relevant to the organism’s defensive functions. Immunity and the ability to fight infections can be efficiently enhanced by nutrients. Furthermore, natural immunostymulants show a high potential of prevention and alleviation of chronic inflammation. The aim of this paper is to present the phenomenon of inflammation and the range of possibilities to modulate it through nutrition, both in acute and chronic conditions.
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