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PL
Celem artykułu jest określenie charakteru i zakresu współpracy polskich miast z blogerami w zakresie promocji turystycznej. Pierwsza część ma charakter przeglądu literaturowego, obejmuje wyniki badań dotyczących najnowszych trendów wykorzystania w promocji turystycznej internetowych liderów opinii, jakimi są blogerzy. Na tej podstawie opisano szczególnie istotne kwestie przy podejmowaniu kooperacji z blogerami, które składają się na systemowy charakter współpracy. Druga część artykułu zawiera koncepcję oraz wyniki przeprowadzonego metodą ankietową badania na temat współpracy polskich miast wojewódzkich z blogerami. Wyniki dokonanych analiz pozwoliły scharakteryzować zakres czasowy tej kooperacji, jej cele i formę, kryteria doboru blogerów oraz pomiar efektów współpracy. Ustalono, że współpraca ta nie ma charakteru systemowego.
EN
The purpose of this article is to determine the character and scope of cooperation between Polish cities and bloggers in relation to the promotion of tourist. The first part of the study is a literature review, including the results of research on the latest trends in the use of online opinion leaders (such as bloggers) in the field of tourism promotion. These findings provide the basis for highlighting particularly important issues involving cooperation with bloggers, which make up a system of cooperation. The second part of the article describes the concept and results of surveys on the subject of cooperation between Polish provincial cities and bloggers. The survey resultswere used to characterize the time range of this cooperation, its goals and form, the criteria for selecting bloggers and measuring the effects of cooperation. The cooperation was found to be non-systemic.
EN
A highly visual social media platform such as Instagram is incorporated by many companies in their marketing communications strategies to advertise their products and services employing digital visual rhetoric. The purpose of this study is to extend the current understanding of visual framing strategies, sentiment, and product presentation modality in the multicultural context by examining social media practices of influencers belonging to two cultural backgrounds, namely the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the United Arab Emirates. Using content analysis, this study reveals visual rhetorical strategies practiced by Instagram influencers that can equip digital marketing practitioners with effective devices of persuasion. The study provides a useful contribution to the theory of digital visual rhetoric.
PL
Analiza strategii kadrowania wizualnego, emocji i sposobów prezentacji produktu w postach influencerów modowych na InstagramieWiele firm używa Instagrama – wizualną platformę społecznościową, w swoich strategiach komunikacji marketingowej do reklamowania produktów i usług, wykorzystując cyfrową retorykę wizualną. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest poszerzenie wiedzy na temat strategii kadrowania wizualnego, emocji i sposobów prezentacji produktów w kontekście wielokulturowym, poprzez zbadanie praktyk influencerów należących do dwóch środowisk kulturowych, mianowicie Zjednoczonego Królestwa Wielkiej Brytanii i Zjednoczonych Emiratów Arabskich. Analiza treści przedstawia wizualne strategie retoryczne stosowane przez influencerów, które mogą służyć praktykom marketingu cyfrowego jako skuteczne narzędzia perswazji. Badanie stanowi wkład w dyskusję na temat cyfrowej retoryki wizualnej.
EN
The article is a collection of analyses carried out on the basis of literature on the subject and data collected with the utilization of desk research method. It also presents conclusions from surveys conducted by means of a qualitative method – IDI technique – during the Congress of Public Relations Professionals, which took place in April 2018 in Rzeszów. In the group of respondents there were representatives of public relations branch who cooperate with influencers and on top of that have rich experience in the area of PR activities conducted by means of the Internet. The goal of this article is assessment of the relationships occurring in the context of cooperation of PR specialists with influencers, as well as identifying the prospects for changes and potential trends in this area. Among the key conclusions drawn in course of the conducted research we find the one which suggests that using influencers for communication and promotion-related activities is recognized as both a chance and threat for the public relations industry. However, the aspect of threats is particularly important, as it has a direct impact on the emerging and persisting image crises. Due to the fact that influencers enjoy a lot of freedom in their activity in combination with the faith of their clients in their professional approach, there is a risk of emergence of actions which will not just fail to satisfy the assumptions of a promotional campaign, but may also directly hit the image of a given entity. Experts predict that using influencers for promotion will also in the nearest time be a growing trend, which will take hold among solutions used in communication with target groups.
PL
Artykuł jest zbiorem analiz przeprowadzonych w oparciu o literaturę przedmiotu i dane zgromadzone z wykorzystaniem metody desk research. Zaprezentowano w nim również wnioski z badań zrealizowanych metodą jakościową – techniką IDI podczas Kongresu Profesjonalistów Public Relations, który odbył się w kwietniu 2018 roku w Rzeszowie. W grupie respondentów znaleźli się przedstawiciele branży public relations, którzy współpracują z influencerami, a ponadto mają bogate doświadczenie w zakresie działań PR prowadzonych za pośrednictwem internetu. Celem artykułu jest ocena relacji jakie zachodzą w kontekście współpracy PR-owców z influencerami, a także określenie perspektyw zmian i potencjalnych trendów w tym zakresie. Wśród kluczowych wniosków jakie uzyskano w toku przeprowadzonych badań odnajdujemy ten który wskazuje, iż wykorzystywanie do działań komunikacyjnych i promocyjnych influencerów jest określane w kategoriach zarówno szans dla branży public relations jak i zagrożeń. Aspekt zagrożeń jest jednak szczególnie istotny, bowiem mają one bezpośrednie przełożenie na powstające i utrwalające się kryzysy wizerunkowe. Ze względu na dużą swobodę działania influencerów połączoną z wiarą zleceniodawców w ich profesjonalizm, istnieje ryzyko pojawienia się działań, które nie tylko nie będą spełniały założeń kampanii promocyjnej, ale także mogą bezpośrednio uderzyć w wizerunek danego podmiotu. Eksperci prognozują, iż wykorzystanie influencerów w promocji będzie także w najbliższym czasie trendem rosnącym, który utrwali się wśród rozwiązań szeroko wykorzystywanych w komunikowaniu z grupami docelowymi.
EN
This paper presents the importance of influencer marketing as a method created by the development of new media. In this paper, terms related to advertising and marketing are analyzed. Moreover, the activity of online creators, commonly referred to as influencers, has been described. Modern forms of marketing are definitely gaining strength. Their effectiveness is much more noticeable. This is due to the cooperation between online creators and companies that want to increase their popularity. This type of communication with consumers, can bring better results than traditional advertising. In order to find out whether influencer marketing has an impact on Internet users and what their attitude to influencers is, a survey was carried out on this topic. Thanks to it, it was possible to demonstrate the awareness of online advertising and show what is the role of portals, once used exclusively for communication. In this study, the quantitative method was used and it was carried out by employing a questionnaire. The results showed that the respondents are active users of new media. Thus, they show high awareness of the terms discussed. The answers also show that the activity of influencers is mainly associated with advertising and sales, which affects the public perception of their activity.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia znaczenie influencer marketingu jako metody powstałej w wyniku rozwoju nowych mediów. W niniejszym opracowaniu przeanalizowano pojęcia związane z reklamą i marketingiem. Ponadto, została opisana działalność twórców internetowych, powszechnie nazywanych influencerami. Współczesne formy marketingowe zdecydowanie przybierają na sile. Ich skuteczność jest znacznie bardziej zauważalna. Dzieje się tak na skutek współprac podejmowanych pomiędzy twórcami internetowymi a firmami, które chcą zwiększyć swoją popularność. Taki rodzaj komunikacji z konsumentami może przynieść lepsze rezultaty niż reklama tradycyjna. W celu sprawdzenia, czy influencer marketing oddziałuje na internautów i jaki jest ich stosunek do influencerów, zrealizowano badania poświęcone powyższej tematyce. Dzięki nim możliwe było wykazanie świadomości na temat reklamy internetowej oraz pokazanie, jaka jest rola portalów, niegdyś służących wyłącznie komunikacji.
EN
This conceptual paper focuses on intellectual influencer concept to offer a differentiation tool for influencer marketing activities. First, influencer marketing is explained from the traditional point of view. Secondly, the historical development process of the public intellectual concept which was formerly a subject of non-marketing disciplines such as journalism, sociology, and philosophy is discussed. Subsequently, the relationship between these two concepts together with influencer marketing and related marketing communication activities are evaluated. Finally, marketing-related areas where intellectual influencers can produce content are elaborated. This study could open a fresh field in academic research by bringing a new dimension to influencer marketing. Also, it can offer a noteworthy alternative for businesses in terms of differentiation, attracting attention and reaching target markets.
EN
The submitted study points to social media and their outstanding position in marketing communication aiming at their impact on consumers’ behaviour. Attention was paid to how individual generations are affected by social media contributions and whether these influencers affect their shopping behaviour. Indeed, social networking sites are a miracle in marketing communication nowadays. Their potential to influence consumers’ behaviour is enormous. Today, almost every business has a profile created on social media such as Instagram, Facebook and YouTube. Businesses can use elements of influencer marketing within social networking, which is considered a modern phenomenon. Although influencer marketing is a relatively new element, it has quickly come to the forefront. It is widely used because it is effective, and the company can build a relationship with potential customers on social media. The present text evaluates the use of social networking sites in marketing communication by companies and their impact on consumers’ behaviour based on a questionnaire survey involving 726 respondents from Generations X, Y and Z. To evaluate the established hypotheses, statistical methods and techniques such as the Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Share test with known constant and two-share match test were used. The research results confirmed the significant differences in consumers’ perceptions of corporate social media.
EN
Objectives: The aim of the conducted research was to examine the level of knowledge of the idea of zero waste as well as to correlate it with the use of social media and influencers’ followings. Research Design & Methods: The research methods used in the study are as follows: descriptive research, Internet research, observation, and graphical presentation of data. Findings: Those respondents who see that influencers promote the zero-waste concept have significantly higher index of the time spent in social media. Education level of the survey participants does not translate into the level of knowledge about the zero-waste concept. Implications / Recommendations: The analysis shows that values of the promotion of the zero-waste concept are important in caring about the natural environment. Influencers can effectively promote the zero-waste concept via social media. Contribution / Value Added: The author tries to show the purpose of the promotion of the said concept by using influencers in social media. The topic of environmental care is extremely important, especially in this day and age, when the climate crisis is progressing. Influencers who impact their customers can contribute to the spread of the zerowaste concept, which fits into an alternative economic model – namely circular economy – in place of a linear model. Article classification: research article JEL classification: M31, Q51, Q54
EN
The article considers the main theoretical positions on marketing and economic and environmental conflicts. The main tendencies of conflict marketing are studied on the example of the recreational and tourist sphere. In the field of recreation and tourism, new trends have been proposed that will allow this industry to recover after COVID-19: increasing the share of domestic tourism, booking for a short time, promoting solitary tourism, sustainability, authenticity and locality. The innovative component is the convergence of marketing and conflict in the recreational and tourist sphere. Proposed marketing tools for the activity of the recreational and tourist sphere in the new conditions.
EN
The article examines the experiment with Skinner's box from the point of view of marketing and reflexive control in the context of digitalization. The relevance of this method is determined and a model of the Skinner box marketing strategy is formed. The main components of the last one are: emotional manipulation, information technology and big data. The principles of integrating the AIDA marketing communications model into the SBM strategy, that are oriented on the manipulation object and the information platform used, are formulated.
EN
The article discusses the issue of influencer marketing in the context of social, technological and individual changes that affect the effectiveness of marketing communications. Limitations resulting from consumer preferences, media fragmentation and information overload make it increasingly difficult for brands to build awareness and reach audiences. Influencer marketing is an area that is increasingly willing to be used in the communication mix, but also in this area, we observe a growing number of limitations, which are worth being aware of when planning activities in this area. The purpose of this paper is to identify the limitations arising from the use of algorithms by social media platforms that determine the layout and visibility of content in the feed. The author developed an overview of algorithm changes on the Instagram platform and reviewed the literature on this issue concerning the Instagram platform, which is indicated as the most frequently used by marketers for activities in the field of influencer marketing. Visibility restrictions due to algorithms affect not only brands but also influencers. However, influencers take a number of actions to recognise the rules imposed by algorithms, thus building greater visibility for their content. Additionally, they can support brands with their expert experience. Therefore, the choice of an influencer for cooperation should, in addition to essential parameters related to brand fit, consider the effectiveness of reaching new audiences through the skilful use of knowledge and experience in the changing rules of algorithms.
EN
The aim of this article is to analyze how important an element of online marketing social media have become, how users approach companies conducting their activities in the digital space, and what factors most effectively influence the consumer preferences of social media users and an analysis of the extent to which consumers trust the content provided by companies and influencers on social media. The research method used in this article is the diagnostic survey method. The study is the pilot nature and allows a preliminary determination of the specificity of the social phenomenon under study. The use of this method made it possible to determine the size, scope and intensity of the social phenomenon under study. The survey was prepared online, both in Polish and English. It was made available to users on platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Reddit, Wykop and Discord. Research has shown, among other things, that positive opinions in social media are very important for consumers both in Poland and around the world. However, they are not the most important for users. Respondents indicated recommendations from friends and family as well as online ratings and opinions as more important. Analyzing these results, it can be seen that consumers value the opinions of other people, but show a certain degree of distrust towards information obtained on social media.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza tego, jak ważnym elementem marketingu internetowego stały się media społecznościowe, w jaki sposób użytkownicy podchodzą do przedsiębiorstw prowadzących swoje działania w przestrzeni cyfrowej, jakie czynniki najskuteczniej wpływają na preferencje konsumenckie użytkowników mediów społecznościowych, jak również analiza, w jakim stopniu konsumenci ufają w treści podawane przez firmy i influencerów w social mediach. Metodą badawczą zastosowaną w artykule jest metoda sondażu diagnostycznego. Badanie ma charakter pilotażowy i umożliwia wstępne określenie specyfiki badanego zjawiska społecznego. Ankieta została przygotowana w formie online w języku zarówno polskim, jak i angielskim. Została udostępniona użytkownikom na takich platformach, jak Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Reddit, Wykop oraz Discord. Badania wykazały m.in., że pozytywne opinie w social mediach są bardzo ważne dla konsumentów w Polsce i na świecie. Wśród nich kluczowe miejsce zajmują rekomendacje od przyjaciół i rodziny. Analizując te wyniki, można zauważyć, że konsumenci cenią opinie innych osób, jednocześnie wykazując pewien stopień nieufności wobec pozostałych informacji pozyskiwanych w mediach społecznościowych.
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