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Fundamental factors and the level of underpricing

100%
Podedworna-Tarnowska D.
Journal of Management and Financial Sciences
|
2023
|
issue 50
239-256
EN
Underpricing has been the subject of substantial research at a global scale and has been thoroughly described in the literature, but it is still unclear what factors influence its level in the Polish capital market, particularly in the context of fundamental factors. Since investors have very limited information of the companies going public, the companies must convey or signal information that can be used for valuing their shares. The aim of the article is to identify the impact of a company’s fundamental factors on the level of underpricing of an initial public offering. The research is based on the sample of 227 companies debuting in the regulated market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange between 2005 and 2022. The empirical analysis and regression results estimation were based on the data coming from prospectuses of the companies going public. To prepare the econometric linear regression model, the stepwise forward variable selection procedure was carried out. The evidence indicates that underpricing is significantly affected by a few financial variables, such as assets, ROA, BVS, and EPS.
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A New Approach to Underpricing Phenomenon in Poland

75%
Podedworna-Tarnowska D.
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
|
2023
|
issue 2 (Numer Specjalny)
123-144
PL
Cel artykułu/hipoteza. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja i ocena niedowartościowania pierwszej oferty publicznej w Polsce na rynku regulowanym i alternatywnym z uwzględnieniem podziału całkowitego niedowartościowania na niedowartościowanie pierwotne i niedowartościowanie wtórne. W badaniu uwzględniono również różne rodzaje IPO (zimne, neutralne, gorące). Takie podejście do obliczania underpricingu w oparciu o dane pochodzące zarówno z rynku regulowanego Giełdy Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie, jak i rynku alternatywnego – NewConnect, jest pionierskie na polskim rynku. Metodyka. Analizą statystyczną objęto 271 spółek debiutujących na rynku regulowanym Giełdy Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie w latach 2005–2022 oraz 585 spółek debiutujących na rynku alternatywnym NewConnect w latach 2007–2022. Dokonano podziału łącznego niedowartościowania na niedowartościowanie pierwotne i niedowartościowanie wtórne. Podzielono IPO na oferty zimne, gorące i neutralne według poziomu wtórnego niedowartościowania. Istotność poziomu stóp zwrotu na rynku regulowanym i alternatywnym oraz różnic między nimi oceniono na podstawie testów T-studenta. Korelacje oszacowano za pomocą wskaźnika Pearsona. Wyniki/Rezultaty badania. Wyniki analizy pokazują, że w Polsce niedowartościowanie w IPO występujące na runku pierwotnym jest istotnie dodatnie, stanowiąc wynagrodzenie subskrybentów za uczestnictwo w pierwszej ofercie publicznej. Ponadto, jest ono wyższe dla debiutów na rynku alternatywnym niż rynku regulowanym. Natomiast stopy zwrotu wyliczane z cen otwarcia i cen zamknięcia w pierwszym dniu notowań są ujemne na obydwu rynkach, przy czym na rynku NewConnect są one niższe. Zarówno na rynku regulowanym, jak i alternatywnym średnie pierwotne niedowartościowanie dla zimnych IPO jest wyższe, niż dla gorących IPO. Średnie niedowartościowanie wtórne jest ujemne dla zimnych IPO i dodatnie dla gorących IPO zarówno na rynku regulowanym, jak i NewConnect. Co więcej, istnieje znacząca dodatnia korelacja pomiędzy pierwotnym i całkowitym niedowartościowaniem niezależnie od gorącego charakteru IPO, a dodatnia znacząca korelacja pomiędzy pierwotnym i wtórnym niedowartościowaniem występuje tylko w przypadku gorących ofert, podczas, gdy w przypadku zimnych ofert jest ona ujemna.
EN
The purpose of the article/hypothesis. The purpose of the article is to identify and assess the underpricing of initial public offerings in Poland on the regulated and alternative markets, considering the division of total underpricing into primary underpricing and secondary underpricing. The study also takes into account different types of IPOs (cold, neutral and hot). Such an approach to measuring underpricing based on the data coming from both the regulated market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange and the alternative market – NewConnect, is pioneering on the Polish market. Methodology. The statistical analysis covers 271 companies debuting on the regulated market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange between 2005 and 2022 and 585 companies debuting on the alternative market between 2007 and 2022. Total underpricing was divided into primary underpricing and secondary underpricing. All IPOs were split into cold, hot, and neutral offerings according to the secondary underpricing. T-tests for estimating the significance of the rate of returns were conducted for both the regulated and alternative markets. The correlations were estimated using Pearson’s index. Results of the research. The results of the analysis show that in Poland, the IPO underpricing occurring on the primary market is significantly positive, representing the remuneration of subscribers for participating in the initial public offering. Moreover, it is higher for an IPO on the alternative market than on the regulated market. In contrast, returns calculated from opening prices to closing prices on the first day of trading are negative in both markets, with lower returns in the NewConnect market. The average primary underpricing for cold IPOs is higher than for hot IPOs for both the regulated and alternative markets. Average secondary underpricing is negative for cold IPOs and positive for hot IPOs on both the regulated market and NewConnect. Furthermore, there is a significant positive correlation between primary and total underpricing regardless the hotness of the IPOs and a positive significant correlation between primary and secondary underpricing occurs only for hot offers while for cold offers it is negative.
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