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Udział organów jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w kampanii referendalnej przed referendum w sprawie ich odwołania, możliwości podejmowania przez nie działań w tej kampanii oraz ich finansowania

100%
Gąsior T.
Przegląd Sejmowy
|
2022
|
issue 4(171)
33-56
EN
Each democratic state is founded on the principle of national sovereignty. This is the basic political system concept, which is a consequence of treating the population as the administrator of power. Today, as a rule, it is the sovereign that exercises the power through its elected representatives. With regard to indirect democracy, however, direct democracy is considered equally important. The classic – even primary – most popular form of it is the referendum. This article is devoted to a specific type of referendum, i.e. on the dismissal of bodies of local government units (to which many features can be attributed that make it more a form of election than referendum as such), and more precisely to the possibility for bodies of local government units to take measures in the campaign before this type of referendum. Doubts and problematic issues in this respect were indicated. The discrepancies formulated in the doctrine were referred to. The inequalities that may result from the current legal regulations associated with this issue were highlighted. De lege ferenda conclusions were also formulated.
2
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Polish Antitrust Experience with Hub-and-Spoke Conspiracies

84%
Bolecki A.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
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2011
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vol. 4(5)
25-46
EN
A hub-and-spoke conspiracy involves an exchange of confidential information primarily concerning future prices. The exchange takes place generally between competing distributors via a common supplier but a reverse relationship is also possible. The essence of hub-and-spoke lies in the fact that there is no direct contact between competitors – the party guaranteeing the information flow is normally the common supplier (distributor in a reverse scenario). A hub-and-spoke conspiracy was first identified and specifically described by the British Office of Fair Trade in 2003. There are currently several pending investigations concerning hub-and-spoke practices in a number of EU Member States including Germany, France, Italy and the UK. Three cases of that type have been so far assessed in the Polish antitrust practice: Polifarb Cieszyn Wrocław (2007), Tikurilla (2010) and Akzo Nobel (2010). The main objective of this article is the reconstruction of hub-and-spoke conduct in Poland. Commented will also be issues such as: the connection between hub-and-spoke practices and ‘classic’ retail price maintenance; standard of proof, and duration of the agreements.
FR
La pratique de “hub-and-spoke” implique une échange d’information confidentielle, surtout celle concernant les prix envisagés. De façon générale, l’échange a lieu entre les distributeurs concurrents, au travers d’un fournisseur commun, mais une relation inverse est aussi possible. Le système de “hub-and-spoke” est fondé sur le fait qu’il n’y a pas de contact direct entre les concurrents – le flux d’information est garanti par le fournisseur commun (distributeur dans un scénario inverse). Trois cas de ce type ont été jugés dans la pratique antitrust polonaise: Polifarb Cieszyn Wrocław (2007), Tikurilla (2010) et Akzo Nobel (2010). Le but principal de cet article est de reconstruire la pratique de “hub-and-spoke” en Pologne. Autre questions, notamment la relation entre les pratiques de hub-and-spoke” et les prix de revente imposés, le standard de la preuve et la durée des accords, seront commentées.
3
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Chezr – Zielony Prorok

84%
Wnuk-Lisowska E.
Studia Religiologica
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2012
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vol. 45
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issue 4
301–310
EN
Khadir, or Khwaja Khadir (Khizr, Khezr, Arabic: “green”, “greenish”), Green Prophet (green symbolising “freshness” and new life) is a popular and familiar fi gure across Arabic countries, Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, India and the Far East. The complex and mysterious fi gure of Khezr is connected with Idris, Elijah, Enoch, Saint George, and Skanda, and is associated with the water, cave, and immortality (he lives on an island or upon a green carpet in the heart of the sea, or else in the far northern country called Yuh, which seems to be an earthly paradise). Khezr is reputedly the only soul who has gained life immortal from tasting the Fountain of Life. He is still alive and continues to guide those who invoke his name. In popular Islamic lore Green Prophet is also the mysterious guide, an angel, the immortal saint and the hidden initiator of those who walk the mystical path. He appears in Sura 18, 66 (Al Kalf, “The Cave”) where together with Moses he goes on a long journey to a point where two rivers met. But his wisdom surpasses that of Moses, and has rather a tinge of gnosis, the character of divine wisdom imparted by God to the Prophet Muhammad and the Prophet Khidr.
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