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Ekonomista
|
2015
|
issue 5
679-706
PL
Outsourcing polega na zamianie współpracy poziomej (koopetycji) między przedsiębiorstwami współpracą pionową. Oznacza to, że podmiot, który do tej pory mógł być uważany przez dane przedsiębiorstwo za bankruta, staje się jego dostawcą. Warto zaznaczyć, że dostawcą może być podmiot już istniejący lub stworzony od nowa. Artykuł zawiera empiryczną analizę zależności pomiędzy outsourcingiem i aktywnością innowacyjną przedsiębiorstw, prowadzoną przy użyciu modeli probitowych. Podstawą analizy były dane empiryczne pochodzące z dużej grupy przedsiębiorstw z wybranych krajów nadbałtyckich (Estonia, Litwa, Łotwa, Polska i Rosja). Uzyskane wyniki pokazują, że stosowanie outsourcingu wpływa stymulująco na aktywność innowacyjną przedsiębiorstw zarówno w aspekcie inwestycyjnym, jak i implementacyjnym. Widoczna jest również zależność odwrotna, tzn. aktywność innowacyjna sprzyja stosowaniu outsourcingu. Świadczy to o występowaniu sprzężenia zwrotnego pomiędzy tymi procesami. Jednak prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia aktywności innowacyjnej w grupie przedsiębiorstw korzystających z outsourcingu jest wyższe aniżeli prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia outsourcingu w grupie przedsiębiorstw aktywnych innowacyjnie. Oznacza to, że wpływ outsourcingu na aktywność innowacyjną jest silniejszy niż wpływ aktywności innowacyjnej na outsourcing.
EN
Outsourcing is a change from the horizontal cooperation (coopetition) between enterprises to a vertical one. That is, the company, which up to now could be considered a competitor, changes into a supplier. It is worth remembering that the company that is to become a supplier can be either created anew or be an already existing one. This article presents an empirical analysis of the relation between outsourcing and innovative activity of enterprises, using probit models. Empirical data come from a large sample of companies from the selected Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Russia). The results presented here imply that outsourcing has a stimulating effect on innovative activity of a company, both in terms of investment and implementation. There is also an inverse dependence, i.e., innovative activity positively influences the occurrence of outsourcing. This confirms the existence of a feedback between these processes. It is worth noting however that the probability of innovative activity among the companies using outsourcing is higher than the probability of outsourcing among the companies that are innovatively active. It seems therefore that the influence of outsourcing on innovative activity is stronger than the influence of innovative activity on outsourcing.
RU
Аутсорсинг состоит в замене горизонтального сотрудничества (сoopetition) между предприятиями вертикальным сотрудничеством. Это означает, что субъект, который до сих пор мог считаться данным предприятием в качестве банкрота, становится его поставщиком. Следует отметить, что поставщиком может быть субъект уже существующий или созданный заново. Статья содержит эмпирический анализ зависимости между аутсорсингом и инновационной активностью предприятий, проводимый с использованием пробитовых моделей. Основой анализа были эмпирические данные, исходящие от большой группы предприятий из избранных прибалтийских стран (Эстония, Литва, Латвия и Россия). Полученные результаты показывают, что применение аутсорсинга стимулирующим образом влияет на инновационную активность предприятий, как в инвестиционном плане, так и в плане внедрений. Видна также обратная зависимость, то есть инновационная активность благоприятствует применению аутсорсинга. Это свидетельствует о наличии обратной связи между этими процессами. Однако вероятность наличия инновационной активности в группе предприятий, пользующихся аутсорсинга выше, чем вероятность наличия аутсорсинга в группе инновационно активных предприятий. Это означает, что влияние аутсорсинга на инновационную активность сильнее, чем влияние инновационной активности на аутсорсинг.
PL
W literaturze przedmiotu można spotykać kilkadziesiąt definicji „innowacji” oraz różnorodne podejścia względem analizowanego problemu (ekonomiczne, psychologiczne, socjologiczne, techniczne), co wynika też ze stopnia skomplikowania i wielowymiarowości samego procesu innowacji oraz jego uwarunkowań. W przygotowanym tekście skoncentrowano się przede wszystkim na trzech właściwościach innowacji: jej wymiarze społecznym, interakcyjności oraz innowacji jako procesie uczenia się. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest również udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytania: Jakiego rodzaju czynniki są niezbędne do kreowania i rozwoju innowacyjności? Jakich kompetencji wymaga się od osób uczestniczących w procesach innowacyjnych? W jaki sposób szkoła wyższa (także uczelnia humanistyczna) może wspierać aktywność innowacyjną przedsiębiorstw? Dokonując próby analizy wybranych aspektów podjętego problemu, oparto się na studiach literatury przedmiotu (wykorzystując m.in. raporty z badań nad innowacyjnością i dokumenty odnoszące się do zadań instytucji działających w sektorze wiedzy) oraz własnych doświadczeniach z zakresu komercjalizacji wiedzy i zarządzania badaniami naukowymi.
EN
In subject literature we can distinguish dozens of definitions of innovation and there are various (economical, sociological, technical) approaches towards the analyzed problem, which is in fact the consequence of its high complexity, multidimensional structure of the innovation process itself and its preconditions. This text concentrates, above all, on three attributes of innovation: its social dimension, interactivity and innovation as a process of learning. The purpose of this paper is also to answer the following questions: What kind of factors are indispensable to create and develop innovativeness? What competencies are required from people participating in innovation processes? How can a higher school (also humanistic education) support innovative activities held by companies? The attempt to analyze selected aspects of the undertaken problem has been made on the basis of literature studies (including study reports on innovativeness and documents referring to the job of institutions operating in the sector of knowledge economy) and own experience in the field of knowledge commercialization and academic research management.
EN
Some features of innovative activity of higher educational establishments are described. The paradigm of innovative transformations of the indicated establishments is formulated. The role of innovative activity is rotined on the dynamics of competitiveness of sphere of higher education.
EN
It can be concluded that in fact innovation activity of enterprises is associated with far greater risk of negative (in relation to the expected value) changes in the financial values and indicators than it does in the case of companies with more traditional business profiles. However, in return for the risk taken innovative entities can boast a significantly higher growth in assets, revenues from sales and generally more favorable relationships attributable risk per unit of expected value in respect of assets, revenues from sales, operating costs and total costs.
EN
The aim of the article is to show the accessible structural funds in Podkarpackie for financing the innovative activity as well as to point at the barriers and the benefits in connection with making use of them. The article takes up the issue of significance of making use of the structural funds in raising the competitiveness and the innovativeness of the Podkarpackie Region. It contains the discussion on the sources of financing the innovative solutions, furthermore in detail are described the accessible in the Podkarpackie structural funds as the main source of financing the innovations in period 2007-2013, and access to them gives the companies opportunity of implementation of the innovative ventures.
PL
Pierwsza część artykułu omawia pojęcia konwergencji ekonomicznej i technologicznej w świetle przeglądu literatury. Druga część zawiera własną próbę analizy znaczenia systemu patentowego dla konwergencji technologicznej i stymulowania aktywności wynalazczej. Analiza jest prowadzona za pomocą narzędzi biliometrycznych. Autorka próbuje tutaj zmierzyć dystans technologiczny pomiędzy przedsiębiorstwami polskimi i zagranicznymi oraz wskazać znaczenie różnych źródeł innowacji technologicznych. Główne kierunki dyfuzji wiedzy technicznej oraz rozmiary opóźnienia technologicznego są określane na podstawie dokumentacji źródłowej zawierającej sprawozdania dotyczące stanu techniki w trzech badanych przedsiębiorstwach reprezentujących różne branże. Dystans technologiczny jest określany według długości opóźnienia pomiędzy nowymi rozwiązaniami technicznymi stosowanymi przez te przedsiębiorstwa a analogicznymi rozwiązaniami wprowadzonymi wcześniej przez inne podmioty w kraju lub za granicą. Wyniki analizy nie pozwalają na potwierdzenie tezy spotykanej w literaturze przedmiotu o silniejszej dyfuzji wiedzy wewnątrz kraju niż w skali globalnej. Identyfikacja wynalazków źródłowych pokazała, że podstawą aktywności wynalazczej polskich podmiotów równie często są zarówno rozwiązania krajowe, jak i zagraniczne.
EN
The first part of the paper discusses the concepts of economic and technological convergence in the light of a literature review. The second part includes author’s own analysis of the importance of the patent system for technological convergence and stimulating the inventive activity. The analysis is carried out using bibliometric tools. The author tries to measure technological distance between Polish and foreign enterprises and indicate the importance of various sources of technological innovation. Main directions of diffusion of technical knowledge and the size of technological lags are determined according to the source documentation regarding the state of technology in three selected Polish enterprises representing different industrial branches. Technological distance is determined according to the time lag between new technical solutions used in those enterprises and analogous solutions earlier introduced by other subjects in the country or in other countries. The results do not confirm the thesis expressed in the literature about stronger diffusion of knowledge within the country than on global scale. The identification of original inventions has shown that invention activity in Polish enterprises is equally frequently based on domestic and foreign solutions.
RU
В первой части статьи обсуждаются понятия экономической и технологической конвергенции в существующей литературе. Вторая часть содержит собственную попытку анализа значения патентной системы для технологической конвергенции и стимулирования активности в области изобретений. Анализ проводится с помощью библиометрических инструментов. Автор пытается измерить технологическое расстояние между польскими и иностранными предприятиями, а также определить значение разных источников технологических инноваций. Главные направления диффузии технических знаний, а также размеры технологического отставания, определены на основании отчетов о состоянии техники в трех исследуемых предприятиях, представляющих разные отрасли. Технологическое расстояние определяется как временной разрыв между новыми техническими решениями, применяемыми этими предприятиями и аналогическими решениями, вводимыми раньше другими субъектами в нашей стране и за рубежом. Результаты анализа не дают оснований для подтверждения тезиса, встречающегося в литературе предмета, о более сильной диффузии знаний внутри страны по сравнению с диффузией в глобальном масштабе. Идентификация изобретений на основании упомянутых отчетов доказала, что активность польских субъектов в области изобретений с одинаковой частотой основана как на отечественных, так и на зарубежных достижениях.
EN
The article analyzes the views of native and foreign scientists on the concept «innovation competence of the teacher», the concept «innovation competence of the mathematics teacher» is defined, the conceptual provisions concerning the analysis of the structure and content of this concept are described, the components of the innovation competence of the mathematics teacher are outlined and the directions of their formation in the teaching disciplines of mathematical cycle are proposed. The formation of future teachers of mathematics readiness to innovative pedagogical activity is an objective process of purposeful preparation for the creation, implementation and dissemination of educational innovations, which is based on: 1) the adaptation of students to higher education, the implementation of the principle of continuity between the older and the higher school, the formation of motivation of the students for professional activities; 2) maximum use of innovative techniques in the study of the disciplines of mathematical cycle, giving the educational process of students the creative, innovative character; 3) deepening integration of psycho-pedagogical and professional knowledge of future teachers of mathematics; application of innovative information technologies in the educational process; 4) the use of the system principle of training of future specialists in the design, development and partial validation of models of mathematics teacher’s work in the form of a common scheme or plan activities in the implementation of the educational process, based on the predominant activity of students, organized and created by the teacher; 5) the development and application of «prognostic acmeological training» of future teachers of mathematics to innovative pedagogical activity. The predictability of this preparation means its orientation to the school of the future taking into account the main trends in the development of technologies for teaching mathematics. Its implementation on a contextual basis provides a consistent use of all types of preparation of future teachers of mathematics. The innovative competence of teachers of mathematics is seen as part of general professional competence and the necessary condition for the formation of mathematical competence, the content of which is determined by the peculiarities of innovative activity, its social significance, creative nature and focus on continuous creation of something new, development of personal and professional potential of the teacher.
EN
Nowadays engineers are facing complicated tasks and problems while realizing their professional responsibilities. The engineer may not have experience of solving such problems or their counterparts. It means that expert must be rather creative to produce new ideas, new ways or products. Engaging into the innovative activity the engineer becomes the source of production, science and society development. The problems connected with the studying of personality or professional creativity are cross-disciplinary. They are investigated by authorities in psychology, cognitive science, pedagogy, philosophy (the philosophy of science particularly), social science, study of culture, language and literature study etc. It means the concept node in this field is not steady and well-defined. The purpose of the current paper is to analyze and specify the creative potential taking into account different approaches, scientific and practical context which includes the term. Theoretical and empirical analysis enabled to study original sources, scientific and practical papers in order to get information about world experience in professional education and future engineers training particularly. Content analysis and abstracting are used to define concretely conceptual and category set. Synthesis, comparison and generalization made it possible to consider and match various views on the problem. The analysis shows there is no the only definition of creativity as the term is used to describe a great amount of diverse categories, such as activity, abilities, process, phenomena, etc. The definition of the concept core as the “creating of something new” is significant for the current research. This enables to suppose that “creative” or “the creativity” would always mean “creating of something new” and it is not important which context it is included in. Creative potential is coupled with creativity and is widely used by the scientists. At the same time it is not described well enough and does not have numerous explanations presented in the scientific sources. Presented analysis of the existing definitions gave grounds to make a general conclusion and consider the engineer’s creative potential as an integrative professional characteristic which is based on the genetically given personal inclinations and tendencies and reflects the abilities of the person to realize innovative activity.
EN
Purpose – to analyze the impact of intercultural communication on the professional innovative activity, to assess the possibility of developing of the professional competencies to innovative activity through intercultural communication. Methods: hypothetical-deductive method, formalization, generalization, classification, systematization, extrapolation. Results. The bilateral relationship between intercultural communication and innovative activity is grounded. A person, who is more capable of cross-cultural communication, is more capable of innovative activity too, he / she is more opened, flexible, adaptive and creative. It is therefore important to develop, in the professional training of future specialists, the intercultural competence - the ability to cross-cultural contacts: to teach them to recognize cultural diversity not as an obstacle but as a positive diversity, as a source of new potentially useful information. For future professionals of innovative activity, it’s even more important than for others. The process of innovations’ working out often deals with problems of creating something new, of forming of new ideas. And any variety can help, because another person is a treasure trove of new points of view. Intercultural communication can be a source of new ideas, new knowledge and skills, new professional competences, as well as a new channel to promote an innovative product to different target groups.
EN
The article is devoted to the problem of forming the readiness of teachers-organizers to the innovative professional activity. The readiness is defined as a integrative quality of a personality which is characterized by the presence and some level of formation of motivational and orientation, informative and operational, evaluative and reflexive components in the unity, that reveals itself in aspiration to innovative activity and being ready to its performance on the professional level. The scientific literature analysis testifies to the fact that there are a lot of researches which, unfortunately, do not allow forming the unique idea about the “readiness” as a scientific notion as they reflect only some aspects of the mentioned above notion and very often show coexistence of many opposite definitions and contradictory notions of the phenomenon researched. In the context of our research tasks the readiness is defined as a substantial precondition of goal-oriented activity, its regulation, stability and effectiveness. Professional readiness helps a person fulfill his duties successfully, use his knowledge, experience, personal qualities correctly, retain self-control and change his way of actions in case of unpredictable barriers occurrence. On the other hand, readiness to innovative pedagogical activity is a peculiar personality condition which assumes motivational and evaluative attitude of a teacher-organizer to his professional activity, his possession of effective methods and means of achieving pedagogical aims, having the ability to creativity and reflection. It is the basis for active social, professional and pedagogical subject stand, which stimulates to innovative activity and contributes to its productivity. Thus, forming the readiness of teachers-organizers to innovative activity assumes the following models with the next interdependent components: a) being well-informed about the innovative pedagogical technique; b) being well-technologized in forming teachers’ competence in working out and using innovative pedagogical techniques; c) having results in teachers training to applying innovative pedagogical technologies and their assessment. Forming the readiness of teachers-organizers to innovative activity is a process which gives a specialist the possibility to develop his value scale, humane orientation, understanding the technology of solving professional and pedagogical problems, his interpreting the results of pedagogical innovations, working out the criteria of their analysis and assessment.
EN
In the article, on the background of the general recommendations coming from economic theories on the role of human capital in innovative development of the company, it pointed to the conducive to innovation requirements imposed on companies and to the corresponding skills of employees. It stressed the importance of regional and sub-regional economic development strategies, as well as the possibility of their use for the development of the human capital within their own companies.
EN
The innovative activity of national industrial enterprises is considered. The problems, which prevented to innovative activity, are discovered and ways concerning their removal are proposed
UK
Досліджується  інноваційна  діяльність  вітчизняних  промислових  підприємств. Виявляються  причини,  що  стримують  інноваційну  активність,  та  розробляються підходи щодо їх усунення.
EN
The article states that postgraduate training of top qualification engineering staff for innovative activity has its peculiarities and requires the development of the special methods of teaching, forming educational programs and curricula optimized by criteria of efficiency and time. The article presents the logic of curriculum developing process for teaching the technical subjects to top qualification staff for carrying out the innovative activity. The stages of curriculum development are as follows: making a list of curriculum subjects; revealing the inter-subject communications and specifying a place of the “technical study” – a system of technical subjects – in the curriculum. The article introduces the routine of making the list of technical subjects. This routine envisages the additional determination of needs in theoretical and practical training as well as analysis of the available experience in teaching the technical subjects to top qualification staff. It is emphasized that when developing a lesson-topic plan, one should determine the general topic, topics of lessons, their aims and procedures for each stage of teaching. The curricula should specify the education programs. The article presents the main integral parts of the lesson-topic plan for the typical scientific and technical subject belonging to the system of technical subjects called “technical study”. It is important that the worked out list of the curriculum subjects should be prioritized in accordance with the information-related principle in order to plan the sequence, in which the educational material should be delivered, and draw out the lesson-topic plans. It is explained that having the typical structure all the scientific and technical subjects can ensure the required comprehensiveness and depth of knowledge. To ensure optimization of results of educational process on the efficiency and time requires the use of a deductive approach, which defines a support for the most general structure of the complex of technical disciplines and the typical structure of scientific and technical disciplines. This should take into account the conditions that determine the direction of professional training of students, availability of textbooks and manuals, technical training and the level of professional training of teachers.
EN
The article reveals the essential characteristics of risk society in the social-psychological context. The current studies in sociology, philosophy and psychology concerning the psychological security of the person in conditions of traumatic events of risk society are analyzed. The necessity of studying the psychological conditions for effective innovative practice in a situation of social transformations is proved. The specific features of an innovative creative personality are analyzed. Based on the analysis of different scientific sources the strategies for overcoming the challenges of social-psychological adaptation in terms of ambiguity of the society are identified: 1) personality’s realization of the sense of his/her own life in a new environment and desire for its implementation; 2) individualization of the life scenario design that ensure readiness for action in a situation of choice; 3) «over-situation activity» which has the potential to revive the lost and to form the new values and meanings through search activity; 4) «active non-adaptability», that assumes transcendental openness to new experiences and is the basis of creative, research, innovative activity; 5) «autotelic» lifestyle, according to which the main driving force is not external, but internal motivation of the personality caused by deep feelings and real needs. The attention is focused on the need of searching the optimal solution to the problem of the personality’s information security in the context of uncontrolled manipulative influence of modern information and computer technologies. The need for forming in the personality the ability to overcoming, transforming behavior, to self-regulation that provides a sense of security, as well as transgressive orientation is identified. The psychological recommendations for optimization of the creative innovative activity in risk society are formulated. It is determined that individuals with high creative potential who use creative strategies to overcome difficult life situations are more able to effective innovative activity. It is emphasized that the strategic benchmark of modern education should be awakening in a person innovative qualities, creativity and ability to comprehend and create a new one. For further research the problem concerning the transformative transgressive strategy of the person in conditions of risk society is proposed.
EN
The article is devoted to the problem of the network designing as a technology of forming innovative educational activity of higher educational establishment. The special accent in the article is done on the analysis of the network designing as to the method of activity sent to development of cognitive-communicative co-operation in local computer networks and global network the Internet and interactive network projects, which give the additional possibilities for the design of educational-informative environment, the exchange of information, but there are certain methods of communication, which assist innovative educational activity in higher educational establishment. Modern informative society as sociocultural reality shows by itself the dynamic state of forming, becoming, transition from industrial to the postindustrial stage development on a new civilization standard, declaring the symbol of the triumph of knowledge, education, science, high-tech in all spheres of vital functions of man. Informatization of public life, especially with appearance and wide introduction of networks and network technologies, development of innovative economy, with the attribute prevailing of scientific knowledge, prevailing of knowledge above property in foreshortening of social differentiation result in a volume, these innovations have become the strategic factor of the development of world civilization. Informative activity, new knowledge and the newest technologies have come forward as leading resources of the development of the society of any state, including Ukraine. As a necessary condition of modernization of educational continuum development and introduction of new directions of pedagogics and philosophy of education come forward in our state, oriented to forming of innovative activity of tutors and construction of practice of innovative education. The author comes to the conclusion that passing to the new educational project-converting paradigm in a considerable measure actualizes the meaningfulness of full-practice researches, related in the first turn to planning of innovative activity of the participants of educational process as a leading factor of the development of home education within the framework of European and world educational space. The above-mentioned processes generate queries in relation to creation of new and perfection of existent technologies forming an innovative educational activity, among which it follows to distinguish the multimedia and network planning.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono istotę i znaczenie nadzoru korporacyjnego w stymulowaniu procesów innowacyjnych w przedsiębiorstwach. Scharakteryzowano pojęcia zdol¬ności i działalności innowacyjnej w kontekście instytucji nadzoru korporacyjnego. Ponadto omówiono rodzaje strategii innowacyjnych przedsiębiorstw i ich wpływ na wyniki finansowe w świetle badań prowadzonych w Polsce. Na podstawie własnych badań empirycznych zweryfikowano hipotezy dotyczące m.in. wpływu działalności innowacyjnej na konkurencyjność przedsiębiorstw, innowacyjności jako istotnej determinanty działalności przedsiębiorstw oraz rady nadzorczej jako stymulatora innowacyjności. Zaprezentowane badania stanowią podstawę do wskazania kierunków modyfikacji systemu nadzoru korporacyjnego w przedsiębiorstwach określanych mianem przedsiębiorstw innowacyjnych.
EN
The article presents the essence and the importance of corporate governance in stimulation of innovative processes in companies. It comprises description of notions such as innovative ability and innovative activity in the context of corporate governance. Moreover, the author discusses types of innovative strategies used by companies and their influence on financial results, in the light of a study conducted in Poland. On the basis of his own empirical study, the author verifies the presented hypotheses concerning, for instance, the influence of innovative activity on competitiveness of companies; or innovativeness as an essential determinant of the activity of companies and supervisory boards as stimulators of innovativeness. Presented study results serve as a basis for indicating directions related to modification of corporate governance systems in companies referred to as ‘innovative’.
PL
W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono teoretyczne rozważania koncepcji klastra i jego znaczenia dla innowacyjności przedsiębiorstw. W drugiej części zaprezentowano wyniki badań, dotyczących oceny wpływu klastrów na aktywność innowacyjną przedsiębiorstw w nich zrzeszonych. Badania przeprowadzono na 188 przedsiębiorstwach województwa lubelskiego, z których połowę stanowiły przedsiębiorstwa zrzeszone w klastrach - potraktowane jako grupa badawcza, a połowę stanowiły przedsiębiorstwa działające w branżach, w których klastry występują, ale świadomie pozostające poza sformalizowanymi strukturami klastrów. Autor próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie przewodnie artykułu: czy obecność przedsiębiorstwa w sformalizowanej strukturze klastra sprzyja jego aktywności innowacyjnej?
EN
The first part of the article presents theoretical look at concept of cluster and its importance for company's innovativeness. The second part summarizes results of author's research with sample consisted of 188 firms from lubelskie voivodeship. One half of this sample constitutes companies that are formal cluster's participants (it is research sample), and another half of the sample constitutes companies that do not accede to formal clusters (it is control sample) although they operate in business were formal clusters exist. Author is looking for answering the question: Does the participation in formal cluster aid firm's innovative activity.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the potential of the R&D relief as a support and activator prompting Polish entrepreneurs to take measures that may help Polish enterprises to increase their innovation position. The original form of the relief in question and its subsequent modifications have been examined. The research was conducted on the basis of a comparative analysis and a case analysis, using the deduction and induction methods. Since the innovativeness of Polish enterprises, measured by the Summary Innovation Index, had for years been at one of the lowest levels recorded in the European Union, the R&D allowance was introduced into the Polish tax system with an aim of improving the position of Polish enterprises in innovation ratings. The analysis of the mechanism, the criteria and the scope of potential deductions under the relief allows to state that it is a much more advantageous and effective tool providing more benefits to entrepreneurs than the former allowance offered for the purchase of new technologies. The results of the conducted analysis allow a conclusion that enterprises are highly interested in using the relief which is an effective, albeit not a direct instrument supporting innovation activity.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie potencjału ulgi na działalność badawczo-rozwojową jako wsparcia i aktywizatora polskich przedsiębiorstw do podejmowania działalności innowacyjnej, które mogą przyczynić się do wzrostu pozycji innowacyjnej polskich przedsiębiorstw. W artykule uwzględniona została pierwotna forma przedmiotowej ulgi oraz jej późniejsze zmiany. Autor wykorzystał w przeprowadzonych badaniach analizę porównawczą oraz analizę przypadku, a także posłużył się metodą dedukcji i indukcji. Innowacyjność polskich przedsiębiorstw, mierzona za pomocą Sumarycznego Indeksu Innowacyjności, od lat kształtuje się na jednym z najniższych poziomów osiąganych w krajach Unii Europejskiej. Ulga na działalność badawczo-rozwojową wprowadzona została do polskiego systemu podatkowego jako zachęta dla przedsiębiorców do podejmowania działalności, która ma przyczynić się do poprawy pozycji polskich przedsiębiorstw w rankingach innowacyjności. Przeprowadzona w artykule analiza mechanizmu, kryteriów oraz zakresu potencjalnych odliczeń w ramach ulgi pozwala stwierdzić, że jest ona narzędziem znacznie korzystniejszym dla przedsiębiorców niż funkcjonująca we wcześniejszym stanie prawnym ulga na nabycie nowych technologii. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy można wnioskować o wysokim zainteresowaniu przedsiębiorstw skorzystaniem z ulgi i spełnianiu przez nią roli instrumentu wsparcia działalności innowacyjnej przedsiębiorstw, nie można jej jednak uznać za narzędzie bezpośredniej aktywizacji do podejmowania działań z tego obszaru.
PL
Zmiany strukturalne i innowacyjność produkcji przynoszą wzrost wydajności pracy i mają pozytywny wpływ na wzrost gospodarczy krajów i ich poszczególnych regionów. Celem opracowania jest ukazanie wybranych zagadnień dotyczących przemian w strukturze i poziomie innowacyjności tradycyjnie wysoko uprzemysłowionego regionu Śląska (trzech województw: dolnośląskiego, opolskiego i śląskiego) oraz dokonanie oceny stopnia zmian przestrzennych przemysłu w skali całego analizowanego obszaru w okresie 2005–2012. Zakres przyjętych do obserwacji zagadnień uzależniony był od dostępności danych na poziome lokalnym. W artykule zaprezentowano analizy dotyczące przemian w strukturze przestrzennej Śląska: pracujących w przemyśle, wartości produkcji sprzedanej przemysłu, wartości dodanej brutto. Badanie działań innowacyjnych w województwach i powiatach regionu Śląska zostało przeprowadzone na podstawie czterech wskaźników. Charakteryzują one: aktywność innowacyjną, nakłady na nią, jej efektywność w postaci przychodów z produkcji wyrobów nowych lub istotnie ulepszonych oraz stopień wyposażenia w środki automatyzacji produkcji. Wymienione parametry były podstawą do skonstruowania syntetycznych wskaźników przemian strukturalnych i innowacyjności, które ilustrują konkurencyjność intraregionalną powiatów Śląska. Analizy dotyczące przemian strukturalnych i innowacyjności przemysłu Śląska zaprezentowano w odniesieniu do sytuacji ogólnokrajowej, umożliwiającej określenie pozycji regionu na tle kraju.
EN
Structural changes and production innovation lead to an increase in labour productivity and have a positive impact on the economic growth of country and its regions. The aim of the study is to present selected issues relating to changes in the structure and the level of innovativeness in Silesia, highly industrialized region in south western Poland (the region covers three voivodeships: Lower Silesian, Opole and Silesian). Furthermore, assess the degree of spatial changes of industry in the whole analyzed area in the period 2005–2012 has been done. The scope of the analysis depends on the availability of data on local level. The article presents an analysis on the changes of the spatial differentiation of selected indicators in Silesia, like working in industry, production, value of industrial output, gross value added. Analysis of innovative activities in voivodeships (= provinces) in Poland and in the poviats (= counties) of Silesian region was based on four indicators, which characterize innovation activity, expenditure on it, its effectiveness as revenues from the production of new or substantially improved products and the level of fitting with the means of manufacturing automation. These parameters were used to construct a synthetic indicator of structural changes and innovation that illustrates the intra-regional competitiveness of the poviats. Analysis of structural changes and innovation of the industry of Silesia is presented in relation to other voivodeships what allows to determine the position of the region to the rest of the country.
Path of Science
|
2016
|
vol. 2
|
issue 4(9)
2.127-2.138
RU
Проведен ретроспективный анализ авторских работ по проблемам технологического развития и эффективности промышленного производства Украины. По результатам исследования установлено, что эффективность промышленных предприятий остается не просто низкой, а в экономический механизм их функционирования даже не заложен фундамент технологического развития. Показано, что наибольший рост объема реализации инновационной продукции дает вложение средств в приобретение внешних знаний, а наименее выгодным оказывается приобретение оборудования. Высказано предложение по повышению эффективности промышленных предприятий и повышению результативности их инновационной деятельности. Обосновано, что целесообразной может быть оптимизация (сокращение) финансовых вложений на приобретение машин и оборудования и увеличение финансирования такого направления инновационной деятельности промышленных предприятий, как «Приобретение внешних знаний».
EN
A retrospective analysis of the authors’ studies on technological development problems and industrial production efficiency in Ukraine is held. It has been proved that the industrial enterprises efficiency is not just low, but there is not even technological development foundation in the economic mechanism of their functioning. It is shown that the greatest increase in the innovative products sales volume is achieved due to investment in the external knowledge acquisition and the least profitableactivity is the purchase of equipment The article suggests the ways to improve the industrial enterprises efficiency and the effectiveness of their innovation activities. It is proved, that the optimization (reduction) of investments in the purchase of machinery and equipment and the increase in funding of such directions of innovative activity of industrial enterprises as «The acquisition of external knowledge» may be appropriate.
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