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Can observing a Necker cube (really) make you more insightful? The evidence from objective and subjective indicators of insight

100%
Olszewska A., Sobkow A.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2021
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vol. 52
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issue 4
2
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Integration of Processes in the Study of Insight and Innovation

100%
Ionescu T., Marian A., Moldovan P., Perde B., Vescan R., Hopsitar C., Rogobete D., Suciu L.
Avant
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2017
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issue 8
EN
Humans are known to be able to solve problems creatively, but how exactly this occurs is still a matter of debate. Insight problem solving is one important way to study creativity in adults, but studies that use this method with preschool children are rare. In this paper, we present two studies: one in which the problem is solved with known objects (participants were preschool children aged 4 to 7 years) and one in which new objects were created (participants were children aged 5 to 6 years and adults). For both studies, results are discussed in relation to the various processes that can explain insight problem solving. We argue that the integration of these processes under the overarching variability–stability–flexibility pattern might be a better way to investigate insight and ultimately to understand innovation.
3
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Heuristics and representational change in two-move matchstick arithmetic tasks

100%
Öllinger M., Jones G., Knoblich G.
Advances in Cognitive Psychology
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2006
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vol. 2
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issue 4
239-253
EN
Insight problems are problems where the problem solver struggles to find a solution until * aha! * the solution suddenly appears. Two contemporary theories suggest that insight problems are difficult either because problem solvers begin with an incorrect representation of the problem, or that problem solvers apply inappropriate heuristics to the problem. The relative contributions of representational change and inappropriate heuristics on the process of insight problem solving was studied with a task that required the problem solver to move two matchsticks in order to transform an incorrect arithmetic statement into a correct one. Problem solvers (N = 120) worked on two different types of two-move matchstick arithmetic problems that both varied with respect to the effectiveness of heuristics and to the degree of a necessary representational change of the problem representation. A strong influence of representational change on solution rates was found whereas the influence of heuristics had minimal effects on solution rates. That is, the difficulty of insight problems within the two-move matchstick arithmetic domain is governed by the degree of representational change re-quired. A model is presented that details representational change as the necessary condition for ensuring that appropriate heuristics can be applied on the proper problem representation.
4
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Integration of Processes in the Study of Insight and Innovation

100%
Ionescu T., Marian A., Moldovan P., Perde B., Vescan R., Hopsitar C., Rogobete D., Suciu L.
Avant
|
2017
|
vol. 8
EN
Humans are known to be able to solve problems creatively, but how exactly this occurs is still a matter of debate. Insight problem solving is one important way to study creativity in adults, but studies that use this method with preschool children are rare. In this paper, we present two studies: one in which the problem is solved with known objects (participants were preschool children aged 4 to 7 years) and one in which new objects were created (participants were children aged 5 to 6 years and adults). For both studies, results are discussed in relation to the various processes that can explain insight problem solving. We argue that the integration of these processes under the overarching variability–stability–flexibility pattern might be a better way to investigate insight and ultimately to understand innovation.
5
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Failure of the extended contingent attentional capture account in multimodal settings

88%
Van der Lubbe R., Van der Helden J.
Advances in Cognitive Psychology
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2006
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vol. 2
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issue 4
255-267
EN
Sudden changes in our environment like sound bursts or light flashes are thought to automatically attract our attention thereby affecting responses to subsequent targets, although an alternative view (the contingent attentional capture account) holds that stimuli only capture our attention when they match target features. In the current study, we examined whether an extended version of the latter view can explain exogenous cuing effects on speed and accuracy of performance to targets (uncued-cued) in multimodal settings, in which auditory and visual stimuli co-occur. To this end, we determined whether observed effects of visual and auditory cues, which were always intermixed, depend on top-down settings in "pure" blocks, in which only one target modality occurred, as compared to "mixed" blocks, in which targets were either visual or auditory. Results revealed that unimodal and crossmodal cuing effects depend on top-down settings. However, our findings were not in accordance with predictions derived from the extended contingent attentional capture account. Specifically, visual cues showed comparable effects for visual targets in pure and mixed blocks, but also a comparable effect for auditory targets in pure blocks, and most surprisingly, an opposite effect in mixed blocks. The latter result suggests that visual stimuli may distract attention from the auditory modality in case when the modality of the forthcoming target is unknown. The results additionally revealed that the Simon effect, the influence of correspondence or not between stimulus and response side, is modulated by exogenous cues in unimodal settings, but not in crossmodal settings. These findings accord with the view that attention plays an important role for the Simon effect, and additionally questions the directness of links between maps of visual and auditory space.
6
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Nierozróżniający wgląd w medytacji buddyzmu chan i jego wczesnobuddyjskie analogie

75%
Nowak K.
ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal
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2017
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vol. 7
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issue 1
97-110
PL
Undifferentiating insight in the Chan Buddhist meditation and its early Buddhist analogies: In the paper a comparative analysis of Chan Buddhist meditation and the early Buddhist meditation has been conducted. In the first part the meditational instructions present in Zuochan yi and the corresponding texts of Chinese Buddhism have been demonstrated. Subsequently, based on those texts, the ideal type of Chan Buddhist meditation is created. The second part consists of the analysis of Aṭṭhaka‑vagga with the corresponding motifs from the other Pali Canon Suttas. The last part consists of a comparative analysis of the ideal type of Chan Buddhist meditation and meditation as shown in Aṭṭhaka‑vagga. The whole of the analysis aims at demonstrating the topos common for the early Buddhist tradition and Chan Buddhism.
7
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Baśń w biblioterapii integralnej

62%
Miernik A.
Paidia i Literatura
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2020
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issue 2
161-172
EN
This text’s main objective is to introduce the assumptions of the Jungian depth psychology to the bibliotherapeutic process. Bibliotherapy as an interdisciplinary method using psychology and literary studies enriched with the theory of integral psychology formulates a new theoretical perspective and constitutes a proposition of holistic view of bibliotherapy. The extension of the theoretical basis of bibliotherapy will help to augment the therapeutic effect, activate the unconscious (the sphere neglected in school education), and strengthen psyche. Integral bibliotherapy shall create conditions to expand the dialogue between the rational side and unconscious one, and it will contribute to a positive stimulation of the integration processes. Providing archetypal patterns reflecting the rules of life in culture, and drawing attention to the regulatory role of literary works, will enrich both the intellectual and spiritual side of the development of the participant of the bibliotherapeutic process. Archetypal content present in literary texts studied by the participant according to the bibliotherapeutic procedure will achieve an integral orientation focused on the humanistic dimension of existence.
8
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Intuition and insight. The analysis of their selected features with reference to Bernard Lonergan position

51%
Walczak M.
Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne
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2016
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vol. 34
29-44
EN
The paper discusses notions of intuition and insight. The most typical features attributed to intuition in the history of philosophy – receptiveness, passivity, immediateness, directness, self-evidence, infallibility, and indubitability – are analyzed. A variability of the notion of intuition is shown, taking as its example the category of insight, central for the epistemology of Bernard J.F. Lonergan (1904–1984), the twentieth-century philosopher locating between phenomenology, Thomism and hermeneutics. Insight is still in some respects a kind of intuition although it is creative, active, mediated, indirect, fallible and open to revision.
9
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Dotazník Sebereflexe (SRIS) a Filadelfská škála všímavosti (PHLMS): psychometrické charakteristiky českých verzí

51%
Havrdová Z., Děchtěrenko F., Šolcová I.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2020
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vol. 64
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issue 5
535-549
EN
Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess psychometric properties of two questionnaires: Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS) and Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS). Sample and setting. Questionnaires were administered to a representative sample (N=1000) of the Czech population by stratified selection. Statistical analysis. Factor structure was tested by confirmatory factor analysis. Bootstrapped evaluation of two-factor solution using exploratory factor analysis was performed. Relationships of the scores with sociodemographic variables were tested using MANOVAs and follow up t-tests, one-way ANOVAs or correlations. The reliability was tested using Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s ωT. Convergent and divergent validity were analyzed with respect to the Empathy questionnaire (DE14), and short form of Big Five Inventory (BFI-10). Results. PHLMS showed good resemblance with original two-factor solution, while in the case of SRIS, the number of items was reduced to obtain good fit with the original two-factor solution. Both questionnaires showed high reliability and validity. Study limitation. The validity of questionnaires was limited to the relationship between the scales, relationship to the Empathy questionnaire, and neuroticism (BFI-10). Adding additional proofs of validity would strengthen the study.
CS
Cíle. Cílem studie bylo ověřit psychometrické charakteristiky českých verzí Dotazníku sebereflexe a vhledu (SRIS) a Filadelfské škály všímavosti (PHLMS). Soubor a postup. Dotazníky byly prezentovány reprezentativnímu souboru české populace (N=1000) vytvořenému kvótním výběrem. Kvótními znaky byly pohlaví, věk, vzdělání, velikost obce, kraj. Pro ověření konvergentní validity dotazníku byl použit Dotazník empatie (DE14) a krátká verze Big Five Inventory (BFI-10). Statistické analýzy. Faktorová struktura nástrojů byla ověřována konfirmační faktorovou analýzou. Pro výpočet reliability byly použity Cronbachův koeficient α a McDonaldův koeficient ωT. Korelace mezi proměnnými byly zjišťovány Pearsonovým korelačním koeficientem. Vztahy dotazníků se sociodemografickými faktory byly zjišťovány vícerozměrnou analýzou rozptylu (MANOVA), t-testy, jednocestnou analýzou rozptylu ANOVA a korelační analýzou. Výsledky. Výsledky české verze PHLMS vykázaly dobrou shodu s dvoufaktorovou strukturou originálního nástroje. V případě české verze SRIS přikročili autoři k redukci položek, aby bylo dosaženo dobré shody, a tím i srovnatelnosti s dvoufaktorovou podobou původního nástroje. Oba dotazníky vykázaly vysokou reliabilitu. Limity studie. Ověření validity dotazníku se omezilo na vzájemné vztahy mezi škálami a korelace s Dotazníkem empatie a s neuroticismem (BFI-10). Chybí ověření vztahů s dalšími faktory osobnostní struktury.
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