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1

Putnam et al’s Making Democracy Work: A Re-Examination in Cross-National Perspective

100%

Valentim R., Ramos M. P., Paiva C. Á. N.

ASK. Research and Methods

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2013

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vol. 22

79-101

XX

The objective of this article is to provide a critical evaluation of the empirical analysis in Robert Putnam et al’s (2005) Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. We propose new measurements of the major concepts and also incorporate information about income inequality as a factor in the determination of institutional and economic performance, all in cross-national perspective. This article has two concerns. Substantively, the research question posed is: what is the impact of the distribution of income on civic community, institutional performance and economic performance? We hypothesize that an equitable distribution of income leads to the development of a civic community, which in turn leads to institutional and socioeconomic performance. Methodologically, we consider the difﬁculties that arise examining this hypothesis in cross-national perspective, as well as proposed solutions, especially with regards to data harmonization and measuring the main concepts. The database of the World Values Survey (WVS) was used to test this hypothesis. The sample includes 49 countries that participated in the survey. Our re¬examination synthesizes aspects of Putnam et al’s book with the methodology of Knack and Keefer’s (1997) Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A key ﬁnding is that civism and active participation in organizations and associations, taken individually, have a negative effect on the determination of economic performance and consequently on institutional performance, a ﬁnding that differs from the results of Putnam et al (2005). The distribution of income had a negative and signiﬁcant effect on economic performance in the sense that in countries where income inequality is greater, economic performance was proportionally lower. This article proposes an analysis that focused more on economic factors than the analysis proposed by Putnam et al.

2

Instytucje a akumulacja kapitału rzeczowego we współczesnej gospodarce

86%

Gruszewska E.

Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy

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2015

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issue 42

251-265

PL

Możliwość kreowania wysokiego tempa wzrostu gospodarczego zależy od zdolności krajów do osiągania odpowiednio wysokiego tempa powiększania kapitału. W gospodarce współczesnej obserwowane są olbrzymie dysproporcje w rozmiarach akumulacji kapitału rzeczowego dokonywanych przez poszczególne kraje. Na początku XXI wieku akumulacja brutto kapitału na jednego aktywnego zawodowo była prawie 60 razy większa w Ameryce Północnej niż w Afryce Subsaharyskiej. Również wysoki współczynnik Giniego jest potwierdzeniem tego zróżnicowania. Dla nakładów kapitału do zasobów pracy w gospodarce światowej kształtuje się on na poziomie około 60%. W artykule zadano zatem pytanie o źródła różnic w rozmiarach tworzonego kapitału rze-czowego. Celem podjętych badań jest przeprowadzenie analizy oddziaływania instytucji na akumulację kapitału rzeczowego, a w tym wyjaśnienie różnic w rozmiarach tworzonego kapitału w skali globalnej. W artykule wykorzystano kilka mierników stosowanych w ocenie jakości instytucji: Economic Freedom of the World (Fraser Institute), Worldwide Governance Indicators – Government Effectiveness, Rule of Law (World Bank) oraz Freedom in the World – Political Rights, Civil Liberties (Freedom House). Zmienność nakładów kapitałowych może być w dużym stopniu wyjaśniona różnicami w systemach instytucjonalnych (nawet do prawie 80%). Wzrost sprawności funkcjonowania instytucji (i tym samym poprawa wskaźników ich jakości) wydatnie zwiększa rozmiary akumulacji kapitału. Ład instytucjonalny osiągany dzięki stworzeniu odpowiednich instytucji, a także ich współdziałaniu w danej przestrzeni staje się podstawowym warunkiem wysokiej efek-tywności funkcjonowania podmiotów i całej gospodarki, kreowania dużych przyrostów potencjału wytwórczego oraz zmian strukturalnych sprzyjających dalszemu rozwojowi.

EN

The possibility of creating a high rate of economic growth depends on the ability of countries to achieve an adequately high pace of capital growth. In contemporary economy, we can observe huge disproportions in the level of capital accumulation achieved by particular economies. In the early 21st century, gross accumulation per 1 professionally active person was almost 60 times higher in North America than in Sub-Saharan Africa. Also, a high Gini coefficient is a confirmation of such disparity. For capital outlay on human resources in world economy, it is on the level of 60%. This article asks about the sources of differences in the sizes of created capital. The objective of undertaken research is to analyze the impact of institutions on capital accumulation, and to explain the disparities in the size of created capital in a global scale. In this article, several measures applied to institution quality assessment are used: Economic Freedom of the World (Fraser Institute), Worldwide Governance Indicators – Government Effectiveness, Rule of Law (World Bank) and Freedom in the World – Political Rights, Civil Liberties (Freedom House). The disparities between capital outlay may be, to a great extent, explained by the differences in institutional systems (even up to 80%). An increased institutional performance (and, at the same time, improved institution quality indicators) contributes significantly to raising the level of capital accumulation. Corporate governance achieved by creating adequate institutions and their cooperation in a given field becomes the basic determinant of a high performance of business entities and the whole economy, a big improvement of productive capacity and structural changes leading to further development.

3

The economy and governance as determinants of political trust in Europe: an analysis of the European values study and world values survey, 1990-2019

72%

Kołczyńska M.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2020

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vol. 56

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issue 6

791-834

EN

Trust in state institutions is essential for the stability and legitimacy of political regimes. Understood in evaluative terms, political trust has often been linked to the performance of the state and its institutions. The macro-level sources of trust, however, are not well understood owing to the scarcity of empirical tests beyond cross-sectional analyses. This paper examines economic performance and the quality of governance as determinants of political trust in Europe. The analysis relies on data from the European Values Study and the World Values Survey between 1990 and 2019, covering 42 European countries surveyed at least twice. The modelling strategy explicitly distinguishes between-country variation from within-country variation in macro-level characteristics, enabling the examination of cross-national and longitudinal effects. The results provide evidence of associations between economic performance - economic development and unemployment - and political trust in the expected directions, with some differences across European regions. Further, countries with less corruption tend to enjoy higher political trust, but the effects of changes in the level of corruption on trust depend on the corruption indicator used. Finally, improvements in the quality of electoral democracy are associated with declines in political trust.

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1 ASK. Research and Methods

1 Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy

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1 Gruszewska E.

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1 Paiva C. Á. N.

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Putnam et al’s Making Democracy Work: A Re-Examination in Cross-National Perspective

Instytucje a akumulacja kapitału rzeczowego we współczesnej gospodarce

The economy and governance as determinants of political trust in Europe: an analysis of the European values study and world values survey, 1990-2019