Search results - CEJSH

1

Instytucjonalna ochrona tajemnic przedsiębiorstwa w wybranych krajach. Wnioski dla Unii Europejskiej

100%

Nowak O.

Ekonomia - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu

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2013

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issue 4 (25)

103-119

EN

There are many assets that give companies strength, capabilities, potential, and business advantage over the competition. These assets must be adequately overseen, protected and maintained. One of the examples of such a critical organization resource is information that may have a form of so-called intellectual property. Intellectual property (intangible assets in the form of information) has become significantly important in relation to the processes of international trade development, technology transfers, and globalization. A lot of authors, including many recognized authorities in law, management and/or economics, recognize intangible assets as key resources of the enterprise, that enable achieving a sustainable competitive advantage (the company’s ability to offer more favorable terms and conditions of purchase to its customers, and consequently reap greater benefits than other market players). Hence the need for their adequate protection, especially taking into account multiple threats coming out of globalization of trade and international economic cooperation. Many activities in this area belong to the company itself. However; the legal framework of intellectual property protection that is properly designed can foster the promotion of innovation in industry, and conflict-free operation of international trade. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to present the role of intangible assets in today’s economy and provide an overview of the major differences in protection and law enforcements provided by state institutions in selected countries. Wherein, the definition of intangible assets - due to width and depth of the research area - has been limited to confidential business information (often also referred to as trade secrets or business secrets). By trade secrets we generally mean undisclosed to the public technical, technological, commercial or organizational information, that an owner has taken the necessary action to maintain its confidentiality. In other words, they are confidential information of commercial or economic value, maintained by their covert nature, where the owner has taken appropriate measures to protect them, for example, by forcing confidential agreements or through restrictive terms of access to essential technical knowledge, such as know-how.

2

System instytucjonalnej równowagi a proces zmian instytucjonalnych z perspektywy zrównoważonego rozwoju

100%

Sukiennik J., Dokurno Z., Fiedor B.

Ekonomista

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2017

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issue 2

121-143

PL

Narzędzia analityczne, którymi dysponują nauki społeczne, w tym ekonomia, są dobrze dopasowane do analizy statycznych sytuacji, lecz nie w pełni odzwierciedlają i nie pozwalają zrozumieć niektórych procesów zmieniającego się świata. Autorzy próbują wskazać narzędzia pozwalające analizować proces zmian instytucjonalnych. Artykuł zawiera przegląd najnowszych badań dotyczących znaczenia instytucji w procesach gospodarczych oraz omówienie koncepcji równowagi instytucjonalnej. Równowaga ta jest pojmowana jako harmonijne dopasowanie wzajemne instytucji formalnych i nieformalnych oraz stan, w którym żadna grupa społeczna lub zawodowa nie dąży do zmiany istniejącego porządku instytucjonalnego (lub nie jest w stanie go zmienić). W tym kontekście jednym z najważniejszych zadań państwa jest kreowanie takiego systemu instytucjonalnego, który będzie zapewniał długookresową równowagę, zgodną z zasadami zrównoważonego rozwoju.

EN

The paper aims at assessing inequality of distribution of pre-fiscal income in European countries and capturing the statistical link between the pre-fiscal and post-fiscal income inequality, namely identifying redistributive effect of social transfers and income tax. All EU member states, along with Iceland, Norway and Switzerland in 2004–2014, are covered by the study. Unit data required to calculate the Gini coefficient were obtained from the EU-Survey on Income and Living Conditions (empirical sample ranged from 116 714 households in 2004 to 226 701 households in 2014). Fixed effect panel data model reveals that the original income Gini coefficient is not statistically significant predictor of the taxbenefit redistributive impact, which is expressed in relative terms (on average, countries with the most unequal original income distribution do not have more redistributive fiscal systems). Besides, the key variable of interest, as a comprehensive measure of income inequality, which is not able to discriminate between different aspects of inequality, has no explanatory power while explaining social expenditure-to-GDP ratio. But the original income Gini coefficient within the first quintile, the second quintile and between those two quintiles (within-group and between-group income inequality) turned out to cause social expenditure to grow.

XX

Аналитические инструменты, которыми располагают общественные науки, в том числе экономика, хорошо приспособлены для анализа статичных ситуаций, но не вполне пригодны для отражения и понимания некоторых процессов меняющегося мира. Авторы статьи пишут об инструментах, позволяющих анализировать процесс институциональных изменений. Статья содержит обзор новейших исследований, касающихся значения институтов в экономических процессах, и анализ концепции институционального равновесия. Это равновесие понимается как гармоничное сосуществование формальных и неформальных институтов, а также состояние, в котором ни одна из социальных или профессиональных групп не стремится к изменению существующего институционального порядка (или не в состоянии его изменить). В этом контексте одним из важнейших задач государства является создание такой институциональной системы, которая будет обеспечивать долгосрочное равновесие, отвечающее принципам уравновешенного развития.

3

Institutional Environment in the Context of Development of Sustainable Society in the European Union Countries

100%

Zielenkiewicz M.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

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2014

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vol. 9

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issue 1

21-37

EN

For many countries the Industrial Revolution was an opportunity for a dynamic economic development, but it was accompanied by deep social changes. Inequalities between regions have deepened, pollution has increased and also conjunctural fluctuations have intensified. In contemporary view at the social welfare there is a tendency to abandon identifying it with the level of income. Also, the research on the causes of socio-economic success is developing. One of the aspects of the research, which the article refers to, is the role of the institutions (within the meaning of institutional economics) in the socio-economic development. The aim of the paper is to examine the relationship between indicators of institutional environment and indices related to socio-economic development. For the analysis of the institutional environment the indices published by the World Bank under the name of Worldwide Governance Indicators were used. The analysis of socio-economic level of the countries is based on Sustainable Society Index and its components, which include a wide range of factors related to well-being. The analysis was conducted in two stages. The first stage is a general study of the correlation between WGI and SSI for 151 countries from different continents. The second stage includes a more detailed analysis conducted for the European Union, using the cluster method and the analysis of the level of indicators in groups of countries. The study is based on the data from 2010.

4

Instytucje i mechanizmy gospodarowania

100%

Małecki-Tepicht S.

Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review

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2015

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vol. 21

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issue 2

9-41

EN

The subject of my reflections in this essay are institutions. As Mises famously claimed, all institutions, including the market economy, are designed by humans — as weak and fallible as they are — and are thus by definition “imperfect” in the same way that humans are imperfect. Institutions are always an external structure to the operating entities. I distinguish three spheres of influence of institutions: the economic sphere and its associated non-market and market operating mechanisms, the property-right sphere, including communal and private rights, and the sphere of governance, ranging from autocratic to liberal. For more than 10,000 years numerous economies of different civilizations, different economic systems and countries have been subjected to the action of various institutional networks. Despite different market design mechanisms, numerous forms of ownership rights, and ways of governance, throughout its 10,000 years of history, mankind has lasted and perused the goal of meeting its needs. I argue that households and the government in their quest for survival are subjected to the non-market mechanism of management, while enterprises-firms — in order to survive competition — must follow the market-based mechanism of management. I assume that within the wider concept of “technology” these two different mechanisms of management: the market and non-market mechanisms, are located in and are responsible for the differences in economic dynamics of the two areas of the world: the developed capitalist regions and other economic areas operating under different institutional systems.

5

Wyłaniające się odmiany kapitalizmu w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej: przegląd badań

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Rapacki R., Gardawski J., Czernak A., Horbaczewska B., Karbowski A., Maszczyk P., Próchniak M.

Ekonomista

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2018

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issue 5

523-553

PL

Artykuł zawiera przegląd najbardziej reprezentatywnych badań teoretycznych i empirycznych na temat wyłaniających się odmian/modeli kapitalizmu w krajach Europy Środkowo‑Wschodniej (EŚW). Krytycznej ocenie poddano standardowe ujęcia koncepcyjne, ich zastosowania i rozwinięcia, jak i występujące w literaturze przedmiotu ujęcia standardowe i niestandardowe. Wskazano też na cechy specyficzne struktury instytucjonalnej istniejącej w krajach EŚW, które utrudniają zastosowanie przyjętych w krajach rozwiniętego kapitalizmu ram teoretycznych. Nakreślono także możliwe kierunki dalszych badań nad kapitalizmem powstającym w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej oraz sformułowano propozycje zmian i rozwinięć stosowanych dotąd ram teoretycznych i metodologicznych.

EN

The article contains a review of the most representative theoretical and empirical studies on the emerging varieties/models of capitalism in Central Eastern Europe (CEE). A critical appraisal was made of standard and non-standard approaches found in the subject literature. Specific features of the institutional structure existing in the CEE countries have been indicated which make it difficult to apply the theoretical framework used in the developed capitalist countries. Possible directions of further research on the models of capitalism emerging in CEE have also been delineated together with some proposals of modification and extension of the theoretical and methodological framework of this research.

RU

Статья содержит обзор наиболее репрезентативных теоретических и эмпирических исследований на тему появляющихся разновидностей /моделей капитализма в странах Центрально-Восточной Европы (ЦВЕ). Критическому анализу были подвергнуты стандартные подходы, их применение и работа над ними, а также имеющиеся в литературе предмета стандартные и нестандартные подходы. Было также указано на специфические черты институциональной структуры, существующей в странах ЦВЕ, которые затрудняют применение принятых в странах развитого капитализма теоретических рамок. Определены также возможные направления исследований капитализма, возникающего в Центрально-Восточной Европе, сформулированы предложения по изменению и развитию применяемых теоретических и методологических рамок.

100%

Wilińska M.

Kultura i Edukacja

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2020

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issue 2(128)

38-55

EN

Qualitative research is always about some form of intervention into the real world, however that intervention is always mediated by various material practices employed in the research process. This article engages with material practices accompanying research to discuss the ways in which they influence the research process, the observed and the observer. More specifically, this article attends to the use of video technology in qualitative research to reflect upon the material practices that not only make the world visible but also shed light on the research process through which such worlds become known. Reflections from research on institutions and institutional life are used to demonstrate points of interaction that transform the worlds of research and the worlds of everyday life.

14

External Factors Infl uencing Interorganizational Collaboration: The Strategic Perspective

100%

Golonka M.

Management and Business Administration. Central Europe

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2013

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vol. 21

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issue 3(122)

15-29

EN

Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to present the phenomenon of interorganizational collaboration from the strategic perspective, as a complex phenomenon, infl uenced by environmental factors, such as institutions – both formal and informal. Additional aims of the paper are: to present a model including all signifi cant elements and identifying important research gaps. Methodology: The paper presents the results of literature analyses as well as the fi ndings of the latest research studies in the fi eld of interorganizational collaboration, taking into account the environment of the organization. Conclusions: The external environment of the organization, in particular socio-cultural factors, has a significant impact on the formation, development, evolution and management of interorganizational collaboration. There are still many research gaps in this fi eld, and some of them have been presented in this paper. Research limitations: This paper is a theoretical and conceptual study. It forms an introduction to further empirical research. Originality: The paper presents the phenomenon of interorganizational collaboration in a broader context, taking into account the external environment as an element infl uencing such collaboration. Most of the works in this fi eld focus on organizations managing or coping with the environment. This paper presents a different approach. It indicates the external factors that infl uence interorganizational collaboration from a strategic perspective, and subsequently presents them in the form of a model.

15

Economic Development in Rwanda – Institutional Perspective

100%

Sharangabo D., Szczepaniak M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Gospodarki w Bydgoszczy. Seria Ekonomia

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2019

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vol. 10

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issue 34

107-124

EN

Rwanda is particularly interesting example of the economic success from the perspective of institutional development. It significantly improved the conditions of doing business during the last decade and is one of the most free countries across Sub-Saharan Africa (Heritage Foundation, 2019). In the article main institutional reforms are analyzed and compared to the other East African Community member states. The main aim is to identify the factors (institutional reforms) that helped Rwandan economy to transform and develop quickly during the last decade. The article focuses on the role of Rwandan Development Board in creating the conditions encouraging the inflow of FDI. The institutional reform analyses is based mostly on Doing Business Reports.

16

Property Rights as a Factor of Foreign Direct Investment. The Case of Poland

100%

Owczarczuk M.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2013

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issue 2

97-116

EN

Clearly defined property rights enable people and business to make contracts over such property, and thus to engage in business – most business transactions concern the transfer of some sort of property, or rights to property. It seems that property rights have huge influence on foreign direct investment inflow, especially in the Polish economy. Therefore, the aim of this article is to verify the hypothesis that property rights are an important factor for foreign direct invest-ment flow. The object of the research is the Polish economy in the years 1994-2011. The first part of this paper shows the dynamics and structure of FDI inflows to the Polish economy in the years 1994-2011. Next two parts clarify the idea of property rights, their transformation, importance to the growth and foreign direct investment inflow. Verification of the hypothesis will be made on the basis of domestic and foreign literature.

17

An Institutional Approach to Trade Union Density. The Case of Legal Origins and Political Ideology

100%

Lewkowicz J., Lewczuk A.

Central European Economic Journal

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2017

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vol. 2

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issue 49

EN

Which institutions may be important in terms of trade union density and how significant they are? Although the status of trade unions may be very different among states, unions are still a very meaningful component of labour markets. In this paper, we contribute to the debate about the institutions that may affect the outcome of trade unions in different legal systems. Firstly, we draw on the theoretical underpinnings of trade union activity and density. Then, we conduct an empirical analysis of the relationships between trade union density in a particular country, country’s legal origins and government’s ideology. In this way, the paper enriches an underexploited niche in institutional research devoted to labour market issues.

18

Instytucje: między mechanizmem rynkowym i mechanizmami władzy

88%

Ząbkowicz A.

Ekonomista

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2019

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issue 2

145-162

PL

Artykuł przedstawia próbę instytucjonalnego podejścia do gospodarki. Korzystając z asocjacji z naukami o zarządzaniu, autorka proponuje, aby z pomocą podstawowych koncepcji nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej dokonać rekonstrukcji spójnego i kompleksowego obrazu gospodarki. Jedno z kluczowych pojęć w tej dziedzinie, mianowicie governance, wykorzystuje jako narzędzie tworzenia tego obrazu. W tym ujęciu governance oznacza rozwiązywanie konfliktów w ramach gospodarującej organizacji, a government odnosi się do koordynacji interesów gospodarczych w strukturach państwa. Przedstawiona próba schematycznego ujęcia porządku gospodarczego zwraca uwagę również na rolę władzy, chociaż aspekt ten nie jest szerzej rozważany. Koncepcja porządku gospodarczego pomaga usystematyzować myślenie o gospodarce i zwraca uwagę na nierynkowe instytucje, które mogą wspomagać lub osłabiać konkurencję rynkową.

EN

Using the association between economics and management science, the author proposes to reconstruct a cohesive and comprehensive picture of the economy. One of the crucial concepts in this field, governance, is employed as an instrument to create such a picture. In this approach, ‘governance’ means solving of conflicts arising within an economic organization while ‘government’ refers to the coordination of economic interests in the state structures. The presented attempt to interpret the economic order helps us to systematize our thinking about the economy, and it points at the role of non-market institutions which can support or mitigate market competition.

RU

Проблема структуры и величины налогов обсуждается в контексте как классической, так и неоклассической и кейнсианской теории экономического роста. Классики экономической науки и Калецки высказывались в пользу прогрессивных налогов на доходы или имущество. Неоклассические экономисты и Калдор высказались за налогообложение потребления. Результаты эконометрических исследований подтверждают посткейсианскую теорию роста, опирающуюся на мультипликатор автономических расходов и концепцию Калецкого о прогрессивных налогах. Как следует из проведенного эмпирического анализа, налоговая политика в группе стран ОЭСР связана с величиной суммарного сальдо текущих операций, а также с величиной публичного долга. Выделено четыре типа налоговых политик: а) «налоговый дампинг», нацеленный на притяжение иностранных инвестиций (Ирландия и Центральная Европа), б) политику высокого публичного и внешнего долга, увязанную с ростом налогов (Южная Европа), в) политику сбалансированной внешней торговли и растущего внутреннего долга, связанную с высоким прямым налогообложением и низким косвенным (Франция, Италия), д) политику „обнищания соседа” (Германия, Голландия, Швейцария, Норвегия), для которой характерна средняя норма налогообложения.

19

The role of institutions in shaping state competitiveness: the evidence from the European countries

88%

Struk O.

Reality of Politics

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2023

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issue 25

145-162

EN

The article aims to define the role of institutions in shaping competitiveness in certain European states. The research problem to be addressed through this study is to what extent does the level of competitiveness in world economy depends on Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) in particular countries. The study was conducted using a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods of data analysis. A cross-country comparative analysis, based on data from 32 European states in 2021, revealed that the level of competitiveness is determined by institutional environment. The higher the WGI percentile ranks, the better place in the World Competitiveness Ranking. The results of the study enabled to fully confirm the 1st hypothesis, i.e. the institutional governance quality and control of corruption have a noticeably positive impact on competitiveness. It was revealed that the 2nd hypothesis could not be confirmed because of statistical insignificance, i.e. countries with political stability, absence of violence/terrorism and quality of law are typically more competitive among world economies. Meanwhile, the 3rd one was partially confirmed, i.e. the quality of regulations leads to higher competitiveness of economies, while freedom of expression, free media and ability to participate in national elections have not a significant impact on competitiveness.

20

Institutional Environment and Agricultural Production in Post-communist Central European Countries

88%

Minárik P.

Littera Scripta

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2017

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vol. 1

88-101

EN

This paper examines the significance of the institutional environment on agricultural production in post-communist Central European countries. It adds to the extensive research conducted into agricultural production functions by introducing a model which explains aggregate agricultural production using various inputs as well as variables that represent the institutional environment. The results with regards to the elasticities of material inputs (land, labour, capital) differ from those in previous research due to the specifics of the sample. More importantly, this paper identifies several institutions relevant to the agricultural sector and shows that in transitional economies institutional variables play a significant role.

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