Search results

1

Determinants of poverty – binary logit model with interaction terms approach

100%

Dudek H., Lisicka I.

Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics

|

2013

|

issue 3(41)

65-77

EN

The problem of monetary aspect of welfare in employees’ household was undertaken in this paper. In order to identify the households in danger of poverty, the binary logit models approach was applied. It was found that the estimation of models without the interaction terms results in misspecification error. Due to this, the interaction terms, between the socio-economic factors of households were included in the model. The obtained results can have significant importance in the aspect of social policy in Poland.

2

Socjopsychologiczne mechanizmy kształtowania rzeczywistości organizacyjnej

100%

Haromszeki Ł., Jarco P.

Nauki Społeczne

|

2013

|

issue 1(7)

28-39

EN

Human cognition is conditioned not only by social existence but also by the whole culture which is understood as a set of all forms of social awareness. Learning, popular knowledge and different cognitive patterns determine and select consciousness content. People, being subject to specific psychological mechanisms, determine quality and complexity of social relations and every day create from the beginning social reality. Knowledge about the ways people call the world and give new meaning to it as well as how they define the sense of their own activity are important and let better understand the phenomenon of organizational life and a special role of human as a creator of organizational culture.

3

Szkodliwe interakcje wewnątrzrodzinne w kontekście cywilizacyjnych przemian

100%

Mastalski J.

Studia Pastoralne

|

2015

|

vol. 11

122-141

EN

A contemporary family bears the consequences of the universal affirmation of individualism, laxism and consumerism. Consequently, alternatives for the home are boldly searched for, demolishing at the same time the traditional social order. The author discusses the most disturbing interfamilial phenomena associated with relationships. These are: the tendencies to compete; aggressive interactions; lack of desired mutual cross-references because of absence; individualism; superficiality of interactions between members of the household; inadequate communication in the family house; the growing manipulation in mutual relations; interactions resulting from co-addiction; “insulation relationships”; mediatization of mutual interpersonal relationships; interactions resulting from the permutations of roles in the family and toxic relationships as a result of atrophy of the family bonds. The article concludes with a proposal of a remedial program.

4

A SYSTEM ANALYSIS APPROACH TO KINETIC SCHOOL DRAWINGS (KSD)

88%

Vass Z.

Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)

|

2010

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vol. 65

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issue 3

495-527

EN

The study introduces a system analysis approach to Kinetic School Drawings (KSD) in a theoretical frame which approaches drawings as fragments of expressive behaviour. After reviewing literature, it describes the application of the Seven-Step Configuration Analysis (SSCA) on Kinetic School Drawings. The SSCA consists of context analysis, process analysis, phenomenological, intuitive, global and item analysis. The six steps are followed by a seventh phase, which synthesises configurations of phenomena and meanings. The objective of the paper is the description of a practical method for the clinician which avoids mechanistic and dictionary-like interpretations. The application of the SSCA results in a semantic network of meanings which is inherently individual and provides deep understanding of the child. The study also summarises some conclusions of the latest Hungarian studies on the KSD (n=356).

5

Reaching inter-institutional business processes in e-Society

88%

Vlahović N.

Business Systems Research Journal

|

2010

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vol. 1

|

issue 1-2

20-29

EN

Each business enterprise strives to achieve the most efficient organization of its operations. While business enterprises can influence internal factors of organization, external factors are more rigid. Public organizations have less of an incentive to be efficient. Furthermore, their organization is less favorable since the decision making is centralized and highly formal (i.e. legislative). Adoption of business process orientation (BPO) paradigm, with an emphasis on the management of internal factors of organization, has provided business organizations with substantial savings and improvements in efficiency. However, external factors also have a high potential for improvement of efficiency. For instance, development of supply chains or value chains has proven that external factors can be harnessed to provide additional sources of competitiveness. Other external factors can also be used to improve the performance of individual organizations, an entire industry or economy as a whole. These synergic effects can be achieved through a unified and virtualized communication infrastructure, document exchange and conduct of business transactions. The goal of this paper is to present business environment properties in an e-Society that can be further developed to enhance integration between organizations and public institutions, which in turn can be used to create and manage inter-institutional business processes. This type of processes can promote e-business and e-business models to a new level of efficiency, making a whole industry or national economy comparatively more competitive in international markets.

6

Online Temporary Learning Groups in Higher Education – Interactions, Compensation, and Maximisation of Achievements in an Israeli Case Study

75%

Ben-Shalom U., Hajaj C., Davidovitch N., Berger C.

Journal of Education Culture and Society

|

2023

|

vol. 14

|

issue 1

619-633

EN

Thesis. This article provides an analysis of online social interactions in two online Temporary Learning Groups (TLG) and their correlates with both pre-admissions scores and academic achievements. Concept. The function of Social Networking Systems (SNS) use on academic achievements is most often indirectly assessed through surveying attitudes of students and teachers. Contrary to this approach, we directly assessed the content on a TLG and paired it with objective admission scores and academic achievements. Results and conclusion. The results reveal that the content of the discussions on the TLGs is practical, immediate, and focuses on the allocation of information required for academic achievements. The users of the TLGs are usually students with lower admission scores and academic achievements. They use these platforms as a compensating mechanism to improve their achievements. In addition, some of the TLG users serve as maximising agents of other students’ achievements. TLGs’ implications for teaching, class-attendance and level of schooling must be recognised by teachers. Originality. While researchers focus on the presence of SNSs in class and its hampering of schooling by multitasking the effect of TLG activity must also be addressed.

7

Toward an Interactionist Sociology of Ethnic Relations

75%

Mucha J.

Polish Sociological Review

|

2012

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vol. 177

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issue 1

19-38

EN

This text has three parts. In the first, I discuss the presence and absence of the concept of “social relations” in social sciences and focus on “ethnic relations.” Then, I analyse theways inwhich the theoretical problems of ethnic relations are conceptualized in sociology. Finally, I offer my own suggestions. Why is it worth dealing with concepts of interactions and social relations at all, especially with respect to macrosocial phenomena (such as “ethnic issues”)? First, it seems to me that these are some of sociology’s most basic concepts. Second, the relational and interactionist current in contemporary sociology offers some important inspirations relating to the analysis of macrocultural phenomena. I suggest to follow Randall Collins’ ideas and seek the “microfoundations” of macrosocial phenomena in the chains of interaction rituals present at the foundation of society as such. I intend to avoid such a sociological approach to ethnicity which calls all ethnic phenomena “ethnic relations” but in fact deals mainly with individual groups, types of structured ethnic order or attitudes. Actually, ethnic order rests on the interactionist understanding of the social relations between ethnic actors. It is these relations which dynamize social order.

8

Intersekcionální přístup ke zkoumání nezaměstnanosti

75%

Hašková H., Křížková A., Pospíšilová K.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2018

|

vol. 54

|

issue 2

171-197

EN

This article critically evaluates the use of an intergroup intersectional perspective in quantitative research on social inequalities and thereby helps to obtain deeper knowledge of the sources of inequality that impact chances of unemployment in the Czech Republic and contribute to the discussion of the benefits and limitations of using this approach. The advantage offered by the intersectional perspective is illustrated in an analysis of EU-SILC data. The analysis combines an additive and multiplicative (intersectional) approach to research on unemployment in the Czech Republic. An additive model of binary logistic regression is accompanied by binary logistic regression models with interactions. The aim is to identify the factors and the social positions that result from the interaction of these factors that together influence chances of unemployment. The analysis shows that one source of inequality in interaction with other sources can have an entirely different impact on chances of unemployment than individual factors have on their own. An example is the interaction of gender and parenthood, which creates different social positions for different subpopulations. Motherhood, fatherhood, and the absence of the need to care for a young child can generate specific (dis)advantages for women or men also depending on the nature of their employment.

9

Leki neuroleptyczne a żywność – możliwości niebezpiecznych interakcji.

75%

Trnka J., Rosińczuk-Tonderys J., Kwapisz D.

Współczesne Pielęgniarstwo i Ochrona Zdrowia

|

2012

|

issue 1

11-13

PL

Interakcje między lekami a żywnością to temat wciąż niezbadany i budzący liczne wątpliwości. W związku z tym pacjenci, ale także lekarze czy farmaceuci często nie w pełni zdają sobie sprawę z istniejących zagrożeń. W grupie leków neuroleptycznych interakcje te dotyczą powszechnych artykułów spożywczych, jak: kawa, herbata (z uwagi na obecność taniny), produkty kofeinowe oraz sól kuchenna. Na skutek zmniejszenia wchłaniania, zmian metabolizmu lub upośledzenia wydalania może dochodzić do zmniejszenia lub braku skuteczności podjętego leczenia, bądź do nasilonych działań niepożądanych i niebezpiecznych powikłań. Artykuł opisuje zjawisko interakcji neuroleptyków z artykułami spożywczymi, a także zawiera zalecenia umożliwiające ograniczenie ich występowania.

EN

Interactions between drugs and food are still an unexplored and unclear area. That’s why patients, doctors and pharmacists sometimes don’t fully understand and realize existing dangers. In the neuroleptic group, the interactions pertain to popular food products such as coffee, tea (due to the presence of tannin), caffeine products and salt. Lowering of absorption, changes of metabolism, defective excretion may result in reduction or absence of effectiveness of therapy or intensive, unwanted effects and dangerous complications. The article describes the phenomenon of interaction of neuroleptics with food products and offers recommendations which allow their reduction.

10

Influence of acetylsalicylic acid on hematotoxicity of benzene

75%

Kowalówka-Zawieja J., Zielińska-Psuja B., Przystanowicz J., Sommerfeld K.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

|

2013

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vol. 26

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issue 5

802-812

EN

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on benzene hematotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on rats exposed for 2, 4 and 8 weeks to benzene vapour at a conentration of 1.5 or 4.5 mmol/m³ of air (5 days per week, 6 hours per day) alone or together with ASA at the doses of 5, 150 or 300 mg/kg body weight (per os). Results: Benzene at a concentration of 4.5 mmol/m³ caused a slight lymphopenia, granulocytosis and reticulocytosis in blood. In bone marrow traits of megaloblastic renewal, presence of undifferentiated cells and giant forms of granulocytes as well as an increase in myeloperoxidase and decrease in chloroacetate esterase activity and lipids content were noted. ASA (150 and 300 mg/kg b.w.) influenced some of hematological parameters, altered by benzene intoxication. ASA limited the solvent-induced alteration in blood reticulocyte count and in the case of bone marrow in the erythroblasts count. Traits of megaloblastic renewal in bone marrow were less pronounced. Besides, higher activity of myeloperoxidase and the decrease in the level of lipids in granulocytes were noted. Conclusion: Our results suggest that ASA limited the benzene-induced hematotoxicity.

11

Niepowodzenie lecznicze spowodowane interakcjami między lekami anksjolitycznymi a żywnością.

75%

Trnka J., Kwapisz D., Rosińczuk-Tonderys J.

Współczesne Pielęgniarstwo i Ochrona Zdrowia

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2012

|

issue 2

27-29

PL

Zjawisko interakcji między jednocześnie stosowanymi substancjami może znacząco zmienić skuteczność farmakoterapii. Wpływ używek na leczenie czy wzajemnie oddziaływania między lekami jest dobrze znany, jednak interakcje między lekami a substancjami zawartymi w żywności są zbadane niedostatecznie. Wiele leków anksjolitycznych może wchodzić w niebezpieczne interakcje z popularnymi produktami, takimi jak: mleko, czosnek, kofeina, sok grejpfrutowy. W wyniku tego zmianie ulega farmakokinetyka lub farmakodynamika, co może mieć istotny wpływ na efekty podjętego leczenia.

EN

The phenomenon of interaction between simultaneously applied substances can substantially change the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy. While the effects of stimulants on therapy or mutual interactions between medicines are well known, the interactions between medicines and substances in foods have not received sufficient attention. Numerous anxiolytics can enter into interactions with such products as milk, garlic, caffeine, grapefruit juice. The resulting change in pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics can have significant influence on the effects of treatment.

12

Fenomen sieci

63%

Macełko M.

Organizacja i Zarządzanie : kwartalnik naukowy

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2009

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vol. nr 1

113-123

PL

Celem artykułu jest podjęcie dyskusji o fenomenie sieci, postrzeganiu podmiotów zbiorowych, jako zorganizowanych sieciowo, co determinuje ich rozwój, a także konkretne działania i możliwości uczestników sieci – "aktorów". Dostrzegając, że kluczowe w rozwoju owych sieci są relacje między ich elementami, tekst ten jest zaledwie próbą naszkicowania wielu ciekawych problemów i kierunków badawczych.

EN

The article concerns the ideas of terms: social networks, and social actors. The main purpouse is searching for the explanations, how both the networks and social relations would be described.

13

Socjalizacja w edukacji domowej w opinii rodziców edukujących domowo

63%

Królikiewicz R.

Edukacja Elementarna w Teorii i Praktyce

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2016

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vol. 11

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issue 4(42)

115-128

PL

Edukacja domowa, z wielu powodów, staje się w Polsce coraz popularniejsza. Pozwala ona rozwinąć potencjał dziecka, wzmocnić relacje rodzinne i poszukiwać własnego sposobu na poznawanie świata. Równolegle z rosnącym zainteresowaniem pojawia się wiele kontrowersji, zarówno prawnych, jak i dotyczących słuszności samej idei. Jednym z zastrzeżeń kierowanych do rodzin decydujących się na edukowanie swoich dzieci w domu jest kwestia socjalizacji. Czy możliwe jest przygotowanie dziecka do życia w społeczności bez uczęszczania do szkoły? Jak wprowadzić potrzebne umiejętności i budować kompetencje emocjonalno-społeczne w tak ograniczonych kontaktach rówieśniczych? Czy edukacja domowa to ochronny klosz, który ogranicza socjalizację, a może wręcz przeciwnie? W artykule przybliżone zostają opinie rodziców edukujących domowo dotyczące tego, jak rozumieją socjalizację i jakie działania podejmują, aby wspierać budowanie dojrzałości społecznej swoich dzieci.

EN

Homeschooling, for many reasons, is becoming increasingly popular in Poland. It allows you to develop the potential of the child, to strengthen family relationships and seek their own way of learning about the world. In parallel with this growing interest, it appears a series of controversies, both legal and those related to the validity of the idea, have surfaced. One of the objections directed to families that have decided to educate their children at home is a matter of socialization. Is it possible to prepare the child to live in the community without his/her attending a school? How to develop the necessary skills and build the socio-emotional competences in such limited contact with peers? Is home education a protective shade which restricts socialization or just the opposite? In the article the views of parents educating their children at home are shown, connecting how they understand socialization and the actions they take to support the development of the social maturity of their children.

14

ПРОФЕСІЙНО-ТВОРЧІ ВМІННЯ СТУДЕНТІВ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЇХ ФОРМУВАННЯ В ДИСТАНЦІЙНОМУ НАВЧАННІ

63%

Зайцева І.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

|

2014

|

issue 7(41)

202-209

EN

In the article the new approaches to defining the professional and creative skillsof the students are outlined. The researchers define the essence of the concept the «skill»differently, but they think that skills are formed during the certain activities. The new qualifying characteristics of professional skills of creative nature arediscovered. In our researchthe following professional and creative skills are singled out: 1) diagnostic: the ability to perform critical analysis and evaluation of the professional situation and results of the activity; 2) prognostic: the ability to formulate a professional problem, a purpose and professional creative tasks that need to be solved to achieve a result-goal; 3) organizational: the ability to demonstrate creative and executive leadership, to organize the creative life activity of collectives; 4) didactic: the ability to transfer knowledge to others, use innovative teaching opportunities of applied educational technology and realize the basic teaching principles. It is determined that the professional and creative skills are the basis of professional competence and means of the creative abilities realization. To succeed in their formation in distance learning the basic conditions are singled out: 1) willingness of the teachers to use innovative distance learning opportunities; 2) organization of cognitive and creative dialogue interaction of the students with the teacher by means of distance learning; 3) competent pedagogical diagnostics the products of students’ professional and creative activity. The interaction between the participants of the learning process is a key element of any educational program. Most of the time, the students work remotely on their own. If they have a need to ask the teacher questions, they can use e-mail. This contributes to a more serious attitude to learning. Based on the analysis of general and methodological literature the essence and didactic possibilities of distance learning are determined: interaction between a teacher and a student in a specific educational environment via telecommunication technologies. The use of modern technology of distance and heuristic learning in the university educational system provides the successful formation of basic professional and creative skills of future specialists. In the article a system of principles of distance learning is presented which provides the formation of professional and creative skills of future specialists.

15

Wrażliwość zapisana w algorytmach? Między technomorfizacją człowieka a antropomorfizacją maszyny

63%

Krzysztofek K.

Kultura Współczesna. Teoria. Interpretacje. Praktyka

|

2018

|

vol. 103

|

issue 4

24-40

EN

Observing our life in the modern world of today’s technology, the author is wondering whether we are facing sensitization or desensitization of technology users. The problem is discussed in the context of technomorphization of humans on the one hand, and anthropomorphisation of machines on the other. In the analysis the sociological approach is confronted with other perspectives, particularly the cognitive and anthropological ones, which are inevitable in HMI (human-machine interaction) studies. The author concludes by trying to answer a number of questions: Are we truly experiencing technomorphization? Is it only bringing us harm, or does it also have something useful to offer? Can the technology support sensitivity? And finally, will the machines themselves not turn out to be pre-programmed for sensitivity in the future?

16

Analiza komunikowania się personelu z upośledzonymi umysłowo podopiecznymi domu pomocy społecznej

63%

Niedbalski J.

Studia Socjologiczne

|

2014

|

issue 1(212)

133-154

PL

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie komunikowania się personelu z niepełnosprawnymi intelektualnie mieszkańcami domu pomocy społecznej. Artykuł koncentruje się na symbolicznym akcie komunikacji, w którym główną rolę odgrywają różne formy ekspresji upośledzonych umysłowo podopiecznych. Kontekstem prowadzonych rozważań jest ogólna charakterystyka porozumiewania się osób niepełnosprawnych intelektualnie z otoczeniem, odwołująca się do takich mechanizmów interakcyjnych, jak intencjonalność i istotność, a także sytuacyjność oraz standaryzacja komunikatu. W badaniach wykorzystane zostały dane jakościowe, zdobyte przez pogłębiony wywiad swobodny oraz obserwację jawną, przeprowadzone z personelem i niepełnosprawnymi intelektualnie mieszkańcami domu pomocy społecznej. Analiza i interpretacja materiału badawczego prowadzona jest zgodnie z zasadami metodologii teorii ugruntowanej.

EN

The article aims at presenting the process of communication between personnel and intellectually disabled residents of a social welfare home. It focuses on a symbolic act of communication, where the key role is played by various forms of expression of the mentally disabled wards. The author’s reflections are placed in the context of general characteristics of intellectually disabled individuals communicating with their surroundings, referring to such interaction mechanisms as intentionality and significance, as well as situationality and standardization of a message. The studies make use of qualitative data collected using the techniques of unstructured interview and participant observation, conducted with personnel and mentally disabled residents of a social welfare home. Analysis and interpretation of research material is conducted in accordance with methodological principles of grounded theory.

17

The informational stance: Philosophy and logic. Part II. From physics to society

63%

Kun W., Brenner E. J.

Logic and Logical Philosophy

|

2014

|

vol. 23

|

issue 1

81–108

EN

In Part I of our joint paper [WuB13], we outlined our respective theories, The Basic Theory of the Philosophy of Information (BTPI) and Logic in Reality (LIR) and showed their synergy for the understanding of complex informational processes. In this part, we develop Wu’s fundamental philosophical insight of the origin of the values of information in the interactions of complex information processing. A key concept in our work is that of a logical isomorphism between human individual and social value and the natural laws of the physical world. On the basis of Wu’s concept of Informational Thinking, we propose an Informational Stance, a philosophical stance that is most appropriate for, and not separated nor isolated from, the emerging unified theory of information. We propose our metaphilosophy and metalogic of information as further support for the ethical development of the Information Society.

18

Relacje rówieśnicze jako sfera działań wychowawcy klasy szkolnej

63%

Muszyńska E.

Wychowanie w Rodzinie

|

2020

|

vol. XXII

|

issue (1/2020)

113-128

EN

Introduction. Peer relationships play a significant role in the development of children and adolescents, as evidenced by the negative effects of their irregularities. The school class is an important setting for shaping these relationships. Aim. The main purpose of this article is to describe the activities of class teacher aimed at supporting the process of shaping proper relationships between their students. Materials and methods. This article is based on a subject literature review. Results. Research results presented in the relevant literature indicate that factors motivating school students to start interacting with their peers, and factors facilitating the maintaining of an interaction, are important for peer relationships. Knowledge about these factors and their interdependencies was used in the article to indicate the directions and the goals of activity for a teacher and the ways of achieving them. Conclusions. There is a need for a systemic approach to the process of shaping peer relationships and, at the same time, systemic activities of a teacher aimed at supporting this process.

PL

Wprowadzenie. Relacje z rówieśnikami odgrywają znaczącą rolę w rozwoju dzieci i młodzieży, czego świadectwem mogą być negatywne skutki ich nieprawidłowości. Ważnym miejscem kształtowania się tych relacji jest klasa szkolna. Cel. Głównym celem tego artykułu jest opisanie działań wychowawcy klasy szkolnej, skierowanych na wspomaganie procesu kształtowania się prawidłowych relacji uczniów z ich rówieśnikami. Materiały i metody. W przygotowaniu tekstu tego artykułu posłużono się analizą literatury przedmiotu. Wyniki. Przedstawione w literaturze przedmiotu wyniki badań wskazują na to, że dla relacji uczniów z ich rówieśnikami ważne są czynniki motywujące do podjęcia interakcji z rówieśnikiem oraz czynniki ułatwiające jej utrzymanie. Wiedza na temat tych czynników i wzajemnych zależności między nimi posłużyła wskazaniu kierunków i zarazem celów omawianych działań wychowawcy oraz sposobów ich osiągania. Wnioski. Istnieje konieczność systemowego ujmowania procesu kształtowania się relacji rówieśniczych i zarazem systemowych działań wychowawcy, skierowanych na wspomaganie tego procesu.

19

Gry w organizacji a wpływ społeczny

51%

Mijal M., Grzywacz W.

Problemy Zarządzania

|

2013

|

issue 3/2013 (43)

43 - 60

PL

Gry w organizacji mogą być rozumiane bardzo różnorodnie, w zależności od przyjętej perspektywy teoretycznej i dziedziny nauki. Także wpływ społeczny (czy też znaczeniowo węższa manipulacja) doczekał się wielu prób klasyfikacji i typologii. Artykuł porządkuje najważniejsze pojęcia z zakresu gier i wpływu społecznego w organizacjach, wskazując potencjalne zależności między tymi dwoma obszarami. Jako punkt wyjścia zostały przyjęte różne definicje bazujące zarówno na ujęciach klasycznych, jak i nowoczesnych. Następnie określone zostały ramy pojęciowe i na tej podstawie wskazano możliwe kierunki badań i praktycznego wykorzystania w działaniach doradczych w organizacji.

EN

Games in the organizations can be approached from various angles, depending on the theoretical perspective. Social influence (or manipulation in a more narrow sense) was a subject to many attempts of classification or typology as well. The article arranges the essential concepts of games and social influence in the organizations while showing potential interdependencies. As a starting point various definitions – classic and modern as well – were adopted. Next, the ramifications were named and based on that the attempt to indicate the possible research directions was undertaken. The possibilities of practical use in consulting were also pointed out.

20

The effects of 2-methoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol on hematological changes induced by 2-butoxyethanol

51%

Starek-Świechowicz B., Miranowicz-Dzierżawska K., Budziszewska B., Starek A.

Medycyna Pracy

|

2015

|

vol. 66

|

issue 3

303-315

PL

Wstęp Alkoksyetanole (etery alkilowe glikolu etylowego) są stosowane jako mieszaniny w różnych produktach przemysłowych i domowych. Celem badania była ocena wpływu 2-metoksyetanolu (ME) i 2-etoksyetanolu (EE) na zmiany hematologiczne indukowane przez 2-butoksyetanol (BE) u szczurów. Materiał i metody Samce szczurów rasy Wistar narażano drogą podskórną na BE, ME lub EE (w dawce 0,75 mM/kg/dzień i 1,25 mM/kg/dzień) oraz na ich mieszaniny w stosunku molowym (1:1) przez 4 tygodnie. Badania hematologiczne krwi obwodowej przeprowadzono w 0., 4., 11., 18. i 29. dniu doświadczenia. Ponadto na początku narażenia oznaczono stężenie hemoglobiny w moczu szczurów otrzymujących tylko BE oraz tylko jego mieszaninę z ME lub EE. Wyniki Szczury narażone łącznie na badane związki wykazywały na początku ekspozycji słabiej zaznaczone zmiany hematologiczne niż zwierzęta otrzymujące tylko BE. W późniejszym okresie zmiany te były wyraźne i narastały wraz z czasem trwania narażenia. U szczurów eksponowanych na mieszaniny alkoksyetanoli nie zaobserwowano hemoglobinurii charakterystycznej dla działania samego BE. Wnioski Poprawa parametrów hematologicznych na początku narażenia może być spowodowana hamującym działaniem ME i EE na metabolizm BE. Z kolei akumulacja kwasów metoksyoctowego i etoksyoctowego, czyli metabolitów odpowiednio ME i EE, może być przyczyną wyraźnych zmian hematologicznych na końcu ekspozycji. Med. Pr. 2015;66(3):303–315

EN

Background Alkoxyethanols (ethylene glycol alkyl ethers) are used as mixtures in a variety of industrial and household products. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the effects of 2-methoxyethanol (ME) and 2-ethoxyethanol (EE) on hematological changes induced by 2-butoxyethanol (BE) in rats. Material and Methods Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats treated subcutaneously with BE, ME, and EE alone (in the dose of 0.75 mM/kg/day and 1.25 mM/kg/day) and their mixtures with the molar ratio 1:1, for 4 weeks. Hematological analyses were performed on the day 0, 4, 11, 18, and 29. Hemoglobin (HGB) concentration in the urine was also determined in the rats treated with BE alone and co-exposed to BE and ME and also BE and EE. Results The rats co-exposed to BE and ME or BE and EE demonstrated significantly less pronounced hematological changes in comparison with animals treated with BE alone at the beginning of exposure. At the later period the hematological alterations in the same animals were markedly pronounced and progressing with exposure time. The rats co-exposed to BE and ME or BE and EE did not demonstrate hemoglobinuria. Conclusions ME or EE co-administered to rats with BE lead to the amelioration in the majority of the hematological parameters at the beginning of the exposure. The hematological changes at the end of the co-exposure to BE and ME or BE and EE were markedly pronounced. The effects observed in this study appear to be related with metabolic interactions of the examined ether. Med Pr 2015;66(3):303–315

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