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EN
The essay investigates some basic issues surrounding ability (or inability) to arrive at viable criteria according to which it would be possible to define a ‘moral status’ of the human embryo. According to the external criteria (originating from external factors), which are very fluid and subjective, the human embryo cannot be accorded any innermost value. Not only the embryo, but every human being is a collection of tissue and cells, processes and interrelationships which basically do not differ from the analogous phenomena occurring in other living organisms. In this context the author points to some internal criteria relating to the fundamental characteristics of the embryo. In the light of these criteria the human embryo does possess a human and individual biological status from the moment of conception. The author goes on to show that the bipolar criterion goal – means, or absolute – relative can and should be used as an ethical category, on condition that one accepts a radical and irrevocable distinction that acknowledges the human being as a proto-category of all and each ethics: human being is the aim in itself and must not be reduced to a category of means. Each and every living man is an ex-embryo. His life had begun at the embryonic stage and has been developing ever since with all its unique attributes and individual personality.
EN
The article presents the passage from the traditional defense of the historical value of the gospels (which followed the model of a judicial process in which the trustworthiness of witnesses and the eye-witness character of their testimony had to be proved) to the contemporary discussion, which for approximately the last fifty years has been developing and refining the criteria of historical reliability, in order to proceed to scrutinize each individual gospel text on these bases. His contribution lays out both the strong points and the weak points of the four criteria which end up being the most spendable and produce the most accurate results: the criteria of double dissimilarity, of multiple testimony, of coherence and of historical plausibility or sufficient explanation.
PL
L’articolo presenta il passagio dalla tradizionale difesa del valore storico dei vangeli (che ha seguito il modello di un processo giudiziario in cui l’affidabilità dei testimoni e il carattere oculare della loro testimnianza dovevano essere dimostrati) alla discussione contemporanea che per circa cinquanta ultimi anni ha sviluppato e raffinato i criteri di affidabilità storica, al fine di procedere ad esaminare ogni singolo testo evangelico su queste basi. Il suo contributo espone sia i punti forti che i punti deboli dei quattro criteri che finiscono per essere i più spendibili e produrre i risultati più accurati: i criteri di doppia dissomiglianza, di molteplice attestazione, di coerenza e di plausibilità storica o spiegazione sufficiente.
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