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EN
This study presents an analysis of the unprecedented growth of international research collaboration in Europe in terms of distribution of co-authorship and citation of globally indexed publications over the last decade (2009–2018). The dynamics of change that emerge from this analysis are as follows: the increasing level of international cooperation is drawing key European systems away from institutional cooperation, with stable and strong national cooperation. National scientific output, i.e. the total number of publications, remains stable, and the entire increase in the number of publications over the period should be attributed to international co-authorship publications, which are the only driving force behind the increase in the number of publications in Europe. Due to the emergence of global networked science, in which the role of national policies in cooperation is decreasing and the role of scientists is growing, the key to the development of cooperation in Europe (and in Poland) is the readiness of individual scientists to undertake international cooperation. Researchers cooperate internationally when it is profitable for them in terms of academic prestige, scientific recognition and access to research funding, which is suggested by the three models proposed here (the model of credibility cycle in science, the model of prestige maximization and the model of global science). The total number of analyzed articles indexed in the Scopus database was 5.5 million, including 2.2 million articles written in international cooperation.
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Maps for the blind as spaces of encounter

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EN
This article explores tactile maps, that is spatial representations involving the development of raised versions of standard print maps, as spaces of encounter for blind activists during the Cold War. The Russian Union of the Blind had developed an interest in these items since the 1920s. In the post-Stalinist context of socialist internationalism, it often sent them as gifts to the blind organizations of other socialist countries. However, it was especially in the 1970s-1980s that tactile maps moved to the center of both Eastern and Western blind activists’ international collaboration efforts. By analyzing activists’ debates over the production of standardized tactile maps, the article discusses these items’ potentials and limitations for catalyzing intra-socialist and trans-systemic encounters, overcoming national and ideological competition, and facilitating the circulation of disability knowledge across Cold War Europe.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza zamierzeń dotyczących migracji powrotnych wśród urodzonych w Polsce akademików, którzy znaleźli pracę w jednym z najbardziej prestiżowych systemów szkolnictwa wyższego – w Stanach Zjednoczonych lub Wielkiej Brytanii. Artykuł odpowiada na pytanie badawcze: Czy i w jakich okolicznościach uczestnicy badania są skłonni rozważyć powrót do kraju? Powrót migrantów naukowych jest mało prawdopodobny ze względu na silną integrację z nowym systemem akademickim przy jednoczesnej krytycznej ocenie kondycji szkolnictwa wyższego w Polsce (czynniki systemowe). Analizowane są również czynniki rodzinne, które okazały się najważniejszymi przeszkodami na drodze do powrotu, oraz instytucjonalne. Dodatkowym czynnikiem zniechęcającym do migracji była krytyczna postawa wobec konserwatywnej orientacji polskiego społeczeństwa oraz obecnej sytuacji politycznej. Choć ze względu na różnego rodzaju „kotwice” powrót wydaje się mało prawdopodobny, urodzeni w Polsce migranci akademiccy są otwarci na współpracę z krajem.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyse the return intentions of Polish-born academics working in the US or UK. The paper answers the following research question: are the participants of the study willing to consider returning to the country, and, if so, under what circumstances? The return of academic migrants is unlikely due to their strong integration into the new academic system coupled with the critical assessment of the condition of higher education in Poland (system factors). Family factors, which turned out to be the most important obstacles to return, and institutional factors are also analysed. An additional factor was the critical attitude towards the conservative orientation of Polish society and the current political situation. Although due to various types of ‘anchors’ their return seems unlikely, Polish-born academic migrants are open to collaboration with the old country.
PL
Artykuł opisuje w przyczyny, które spowodowały powstanie Małopolskiego Centrum Biotechnologii (MCB), przedstawia historię budowy oraz dostarcza informacji o jego strukturze i sposobie działania. Podkreślono elementy stanowiące o odmienności w sposobie funkcjonowania MCB w stosunku do wydziałów uczelni. Do elementów tych należy między innymi ustanowienie Międzynarodowego Komitetu Doradczego, ocena aktywności naukowej wszystkich grup badawczych działających w MCB przez ciało zewnętrzne, nacisk na rozwój i umacnianie współpracy międzynarodowej oraz współpraca z przemysłem poprzez rozwijanie innowacyjności, tworzenie nowych technologii oraz nawiązywanie współpracy z przedsiębiorstwami. Podane zostały także przykłady osiągnięć MCB zarówno w zakresie dorobku publikacyjnego jak i skuteczności w pozyskiwaniu projektów badawczych i aplikacyjnych.
EN
The article describes the reasons for creation of Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, presents the history of its construction, informs about structure and mode of its functionig. Differences in operation of MCB in comparison with the faculties have been highlighted. Among these differences are creation of an International Advisory Board, evaluation of scientifi c activity of all MCB-affi liated research groups by an external body, focus on development and strenghtening of international collaboration and cooperation with industry through development of innovativeness, creation of new technologies and collaboration with companies. Examples of MCB achievements, both in terms of published papers as well as in terms of obtained projects both for basic and applied research are provided.
EN
The article looks at organizational and financial regulation of construction and operation of large-scale research plants. It analyzes and describes general provisions and peculiarities of mega-science projects, and their definitions. It also studies organizational forms of their cooperation both at the national and international levels and looks at financial mechanisms applied to the funding of research facilities on the territory of Russia and abroad. While working on the article the authors have established that financial and legal norms are applied to social relations targeted at financing mega-science projects. Social relations include the issues of fi nancing from state budget and tax relief applied to the organizations that construct and operate large research plants. The article also looks at fi nancial control, which is put in place during the implementation of mega-science projects. As a result of the conducted research a conclusion has been made about the effi ciency of joint projects by both international government organizations and Russian organizations where research facilities will be located. The article also draws attention to a misplaced approach, when mega-science projects are implemented on the premises of research institutions funded from state budget. 
PL
Celem artykułu jest opis i analiza głównych tematów i trendów we współczesnej nauce o religii na Bałkanach. Autorka skupia się na współczesnej socjologii religii w krajach byłej Jugosławii (Chorwacji, Słowenii, Serbii, Macedonii Północnej, Czarnogórze, Bośni i Hercegowinie) i wskazuje na różne podejścia teoretyczne, jakie stosowane są do zrozumienia dynamicznych procesów, którym podlega obecnie sytuacja wyznaniowa. Tematy i dyskusje na różnych sesjach seminaryjnych, konferencjach i warsztatach są tu interpretowane jako teoretyczna refleksja nad religią oraz jako wyraz etycznego podejścia do procesów intelektualnych i kulturowych towarzyszącym zmianom społecznym, wojnie w byłej Jugosławii i transformacjom postkomunistycznym na przełomie XX i XXI wieku. W artykule przedstawione zostały istotne publikacje i formy organizacyjne. Opisana została współpraca bałkańskich uczonych i formy stosunków międzynarodowych, jakie rozwinęły się na tym obszarze w ramach studiów religijnych.
EN
This study aims to describe and analyse the main topics and trends in the study of religion in contemporary Balkan countries. It pays special attention to the contemporary sociology of religion in the former Yugoslavian countries: Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Various theoretical approaches are presented that are used in order to understand the dynamic processes that have developed in the contemporary religious situation. The topics and discussions at various seminar sessions, conferences, and workshops are analyzed as theoretical reflection on religion and as an ethical attitude towards intellectual and cultural developments and processes accompanying social change, the war in former Yugoslavia, and the post-communist transformations in the end of 20th and the beginning of 21st century. The relevant publications and organizational forms are outlined. The mutual collaboration among Balkan scholars and the forms of international relations developed in the Balkans within the framework of religious studies are described.  
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