In their system of management international corporations have an organizational office that deals with marketing activity. The success of an international corporation depends on marketing activities on a given market and its profit. The basic marketing activities entail the following: an analysis of the market and the organization itself, working out a marketing strategy, segmentation of the market and positioning, selection of a target market. Corporations employ in these organizational offices the best professionals in the area of marketing; sometimes they take them from competing firms. The branch section of multinational corporations there dominate the most advanced technologies of the processing industry (electronic, electromechanical, chemical, and pharmaceutical). The importance of the primary industry, whose share was primarily the greatest, is gradually decreasing, whereas the activity of international corporations is increasing in the sector of services (especially financial, transporting, advertising, touristic, and counselling).
The main purpose of the article is to analyze the influence of international corporations on both domestic and foreign policy of the home and host countries as well as on intergovernmental relations. In the 1960s. and the 1970s. the predominant role of the US enterprises could be observed. Those companies invested mostly in the EC countries. They were welcomed there after the WWII, but the host countries felt growing concerns. They started to perceive the activities of the American enterprises as a challenge to national interest and even the national sovereignty. Therefore the actions to prevent foreign dominance were undertaken and the politicization of those matters was quite frequent. Also the authorities of the United States tried to control excessive capital flows and the transfer of certain goods and technology to the „enemy countries”. Moreover, the American corporations were reluctant to the unnecessary links with the US government as they wanted to avoid its impact on their activities.
In their system of management international corporations have an organizational office that deals with marketing activity. The success of an international corporation depends on marketing activities on a given market and its profit. The basic marketing activities entail the following: an analysis of the market and the organization itself, working out a marketing strategy, segmentation of the market and positioning, selection of a target market. Corporations employ in these organizational offices the best professionals in the area of marketing; sometimes they take them from competing firms. The branch section of multinational corporations there dominate the most advanced technologies of the processing industry (electronic, electromechanical, chemical, and pharmaceutical). The importance of the primary industry, whose share was primarily the greatest, is gradually decreasing, whereas the activity of international corporations is increasing in the sector of services (especially financial, transporting, advertising, touristic, and counselling).
The article considers the question of a choice of the optimum scheme of financing mergers and acquisitions (M&As) in the environment of international corporations. Methods and ways of financing integration transactions are considered and key factors and system processes of realization of these transactions are defined.
The first period of the development of “modern” international corporation falls on the end of the 19th century an early 20th century. It was then that due to innovations in communication it was made possible to co-ordinate and control corporations on the international scale. After the Second World War international corporations actively joined the formation of international economic relations, above all in international trade and foreign investments. Analysing the development and activity of international corporations according to their origin, one may distinguish three stages: the years 1945-1972 – the period of the domination of American corporations; the years 1973-1984 – the period of intensive expansion and an increase in importance of European and Japanese corporations; the period from 1985 on – the economic triad in the world and corporations of the three economic world centres become more important. The fact that the triad system took place is connected with a strong concentration of localisation of mother international corporations in the highly-developed countries, and small importance in the world economy of the corporations from the developing countries. Due to the growing importance of the corporations in shaping international economic relations, this situation makes it that differences increase in the economic development of countries and regions.
The article characterises factors of location of the branches of three international corporations that have made direct investment in Polish industry: Swedwood Poland at Chlastawa, Volkswagen Motor Polska at Polkowice, and EXIDE Technologies in Poznań. The set of the most essential factors was obtained via survey questionnaires sent to the directors of those enterprises and then assessed in quantitative terms by each of four groups: market, cost, procurement, and ‘soft’ factors. Also offered is a survey of definitions of the location factor and theoretical approaches to the location motives of foreign investors.
PL
W pracy scharakteryzowano czynniki lokalizacji filii trzech międzynarodowych koncernów, które dokonały inwestycji bezpośrednich w przemyśle polskim.: Swedwood Poland Sp. z o.o. w Chlastawie, Volkswagen Motor Polska Sp. z o.o. w Polkowicach i EXIDE Technologies SA w Poznaniu. Zestaw najważniejszych czynników uzyskano drogą wywiadu kwestionariuszowgo z przedstawicielami dyrekcji tych przedsiębiorstw, a następnie dokonano ich kwantytatywnej oceny w podziale na cztery grupy: rynkowe, kosztowe, zaopatrzeniowe i „miękkie”. Praca zawiera również przegląd ujęć definicyjnych pojęcia czynnik lokalizacji oraz podejść teoretycznych związanych z motywami lokalizacji inwestycji zagranicznych.
The paper seeks to determine the factors that have the largest influence on the investment activity of the British firms in Poland before joining the European Union. The findings have shown that the most important thing for British investors to decide about investment in Poland is market conditions. The size of the Polish market was most often indicated as a decisive factor to choose Poland for investment. We mean those British firms that were investigated. An analysis of concrete cases has shown that the cost factors did not play such an important role for British firms when considering Poland for economic activity.
The paper aimed at analysis of changes taking place in the food market in Poland under the influence of transnational business corporations. Their physical and financial assets, and knowledge enable them to exert an increasing influence on other market participants, and to develop rapidly. However, due to the large number of transnational corporations (lower concentration) their impact on the Polish food market in the first decade of the twenty-first century proceeded somewhat differently than in other developed countries in Europe.
Przedmiotem artykułu jest krytyczna ocena metodologii statystycznych porównań międzynarodowych wykorzystywanych w rankingach i raportach o konkurencyjności i innowacyjności. Rankingi i raporty te wykorzystują metodologie w znacznym stopniu oparte na porównaniach krajowych wydatków na badania i rozwój, naukę oraz technologie. Jednocześnie nie doceniają znaczenia rewolucji ICT i zmiany charakteru współpracy międzynarodowej. Porównania pomijają też względny charakter zjawiska konkurencyjności innowacyjności oraz wzrost znaczenia międzynarodowego obrotu prawami własności intelektualnej oraz usług profesjonalnych. W warunkach globalizacji zjawisko innowacyjności i konkurencyjności międzynarodowej w większym stopniu wiąże się z wykorzystaniem nie tylko krajowych, ale też międzynarodowych osiągnięć w sferze nauki i techniki. Ważna jest nie tylko wiedza i pomysły, ale także ich realizacja, czyli zdolność do wdrażania innowacji rynkowych przez przedsiębiorstwa. Ważniejsza od wiedzy jest wyobraźnia, a od wyobraźni zdolność do realizacji pomysłów.
EN
The subject matter of the article is a critical analysis of statistical methodologies of international comparisons used in the rankings and reports on competitiveness and innovativeness. The rankings and reports use the methodologies considerably based on comparisons of domestic spending on R&D, science, and technologies. At the same time, they underestimate the importance of ICT revolution and the change of the nature of international cooperation. Comparisons also overlook the relative nature of the phenomenon of competitiveness and innovativeness as well as growth of the importance of international trade in intellectual property and professional services. Under conditions of globalisation, the phenomenon of international innovativeness and competitiveness to a larger extent relates to the use not only national but also international achievements in the sphere of science and technology. Important is not only knowledge and ideas, but also implementation thereof, i.e. the ability to implement market innovations by enterprises. More important than knowledge is imagination, and the ability to implement ideas than imagination.
The aim of this article is to demonstrate the influence of knowledge, skills and competencies in the field of intercultural communication. These qualifications are very important because they have a profound impact on the shape of the labour Interkulturowe kompetencje doradcy zawodowego i personalnego 119 market. They are also essential for success in educational and professional activity. The increase in occupational mobility, the implemented paradigm of professional development and the opening of borders are a real challenge for a potential employee. The sociocultural context with the growing number of intercultural workers enforces certain changes in the functioning of vocational counselling. Career counsellors, personal trainers and coaches must constantly monitor the process of labour market changes, but the quality of counselling depends on their knowledge and skills. It becomes necessary to equip them with specialist knowledge and competencies in the field of intercultural competence.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje temat komunikacji interkulturowej, która w coraz większym stopniu wpływa na kształt i wymagania rynku pracy. Wzrost mobilności zawodowej, realizowany paradygmat rozwoju zawodowego i otwarcie granic stanowią realne wyzwanie dla potencjalnego pracownika. Coraz bardziej zróżnicowane realia socjokulturowe, ich wpływ na rynek pracy oraz stale rosnąca liczba osób funkcjonujących zawodowo w środowisku międzynarodowym wymusza także pewne zmiany w funkcjonowaniu samego poradnictwa zawodowego. Doradcy zawodowi, trenerzy personalni i coachowie stale śledzić muszą proces zachodzących zmian, ponieważ od ich wiedzy zależy jakość świadczonych usług. Koniecznym staje się wyposażanie ich w specjalistyczną wiedzę i kompetencje niezbędne w zróżnicowanym kulturowo społeczeństwie.
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