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1

Is a World-Wide Concept of Criminal Law Possible in a Multi-Cultural World?

100%
Posłuszny A.
Studia Iuridica
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2016
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vol. 67
97-113
EN
The article tries to provide an answer to whether it is possible and viable to establish a universal criminal law applicable worldwide. The author focuses on the relationship between culture and law. Special attention is devoted to the area of criminal law and the influence of cultural backgrounds in different societies, which makes an impact on controversial topics, and sometimes becomes a subject matter of penal law. The article considers issues linked to philosophy of law and comparative law, seeking answers in various doctrines and worldviews. It contains some reflections about globalization, considering it as a material process related to the evolution of legal orders. In conclusion, the author sets out to describe the evolution that has led to the creation of the existing system of international criminal law, and attempt to predict the future of legal cooperation in criminal matters.
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Book review: Claus Kreß and Stefan Barriga (eds.), The Crime of Aggression: A Commentary, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2017

100%
Kleczkowska A.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2017
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vol. 37
312-316
EN
Review of a book: Claus Kreß and Stefan Barriga (eds.), The Crime of Aggression: A Commentary, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2017
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Is a World-Wide Concept of Criminal Law Possible in a Multi-Cultural World?

100%
Posłuszny A.
Studia Iuridica
|
2016
|
vol. 67
97-113
EN
The article tries to provide an answer to whether it is possible and viable to establish a universal criminal law applicable worldwide. The author focuses on the relationship between culture and law. Special attention is devoted to the area of criminal law and the influence of cultural backgrounds in different societies, which makes an impact on controversial topics, and sometimes becomes a subject matter of penal law. The article considers issues linked to philosophy of law and comparative law, seeking answers in various doctrines and worldviews. It contains some reflections about globalization, considering it as a material process related to the evolution of legal orders. In conclusion, the author sets out to describe the evolution that has led to the creation of the existing system of international criminal law, and attempt to predict the future of legal cooperation in criminal matters.
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The intersection of transnational and international criminal law – example of trafficking in persons

100%
Głogowska-Balcerzak A.
Review of European and Comparative Law
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2022
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vol. 49
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issue 2
271-286
EN
The paper addresses the possible intersection of transnational and international criminal law, using the example of the crime of trafficking in persons. In recent years traf- ficking in persons has gathered a great deal of attention from scholars, practitioners and politicians, nevertheless theoretical aspects concerning that notion and its relation with other concepts present in international law – such as slavery, practices similar to slavery, enslavements etc . – have still been neglected . As this notion appears at the intersection of different areas of law, including transnational and international criminal law, its closer analysis can contribute to determination of theoretical boundaries of both areas of international law.
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Book review: Cheryl Lawther, Luke Moffett and Dov Jacobs (eds.), Research Handbook on Transitional Justice, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham: 2017

100%
Wierczyńska K.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2017
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vol. 37
320-323
EN
Review of a book: Cheryl Lawther, Luke Moffett and Dov Jacobs (eds.), Research Handbook on Transitional Justice, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham: 2017
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Digitálne dôkazy z otvorených zdrojov

88%
Klenka M.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2023
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vol. 162
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issue 6
508-529
EN
The aim of the article is to consider the use of information obtained from digital open sources as evidence in proceedings related to violations of international criminal law, human rights and international humanitarian law. In addition to providing basic definitions and legal questions that need to be answered before evidence obtained in this way could be further used, the article examines the different aspects that the type of evidence in question raises (new actors, mediation, objectivity and subjectivity). Despite the clear advantages, we should not overlook some of the problematic issues and challenges involved, particularly because the digital format allows for relatively easy manipulation and falsification, which in some cases poses an insurmountable obstacle to establishing the authenticity of the evidence and its provenance. The analysis also focuses on the vulnerabilities in the use of social media information (the volume of content produced, its moderation by platforms and the issue of metadata), since the content that appears on them reflects not only the nature of the current conduct of international or non-international armed conflict but also the misinformation that affects society. Given the increasing amount of hacked and leaked information in the public domain, the article concludes by examining the applicability of the information in question as evidence in legal proceedings and discusses the related legal and ethical issues of admissibility.
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Judgement of the Supreme Court, dated 17 February 2016 (Ref. no. WA 16/15)

88%
Kleczkowska A.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2016
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vol. 36
267-276
EN
In its Judgement of 17 February 2016, the Polish Supreme Court adjudicated the case of Polish soldiers accused of crimes committed in the village of Nangar Khel in Afghanistan in 2007. Ultimately, the Supreme Court found that Polish soldiers were guilty of, inter alia, breach of Article 318 of the Polish Penal Code, which stipulates that a soldier commits a crime even when executing an order if he is aware of this crime. However, the part of the judgement devoted to the problem of unlawful orders is very limited and almost completely lacks references to international law. The Supreme Court could have referred to a number of international legal acts, starting from the beginning of 20th century and up to the more recent regulations, including those in the Rome Statute. Moreover, the Supreme Court did not use international case law. As a result, the argumentation of the Supreme Court should be assessed as limited and unconvincing.
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The Specialist Court for Kosovo: continuity or departure from the hybrid courts model?

88%
Selimi S.
Academicus. International Scientific Journal
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2016
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issue 13
26-39
EN
The issue of whether to establish Specialist Chambers within the Kosovo justice system for alleged war crimes committed in Kosovo has been, arguably, one of the most heated debates not only from a political and social point of view, but also from a legal one. While the required amendments in the Constitution and several laws of Kosovo necessary to establish the Specialist Chambers in furtherance of the agreement dated 14 April 2014 between the Republic of Kosovo and the European Union on the Mission of the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (“EULEX”) will certainly create heated debates in the political level, one may argue that the legal issues that are expected to be encountered when the Specialist Chambers will be operational, may be even more pressing. This is in consideration of the peculiar nature of the Specialist Chambers, which are meant to have their basis within the laws of Kosovo, but at the same time, be independent from them and from control of Kosovo authorities. The purpose of this article is to delineate the possible legal issues that might confront the Specialist Chambers of Kosovo. Its main argument is that, while the Specialist Chambers seem to follow the experience of other hybrid internationalised courts, it still differs from them in some aspects. The challenges that the new Specialist Chambers may need to tackle deal with its jurisdiction and position within the Kosovo Judicial system, and its legitimacy and legal basis.
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Problems surrounding arrest warrants issued by the International Criminal Court: a decade of judicial practice

75%
Dłubak A.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2012
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vol. 32
209-237
EN
Certain aims of international criminal justice, such as prosecution and the punishment of perpetrators of international crimes, can be achieved through the international institutions created to administer justice. However, one of the essential requirements is to ensure the suspect’s presence at trial. The measures provided for in the Rome Statute to facilitate the International Criminal Court in fulfilling this condition and initiating proper proceedings include the issuance of arrest warrants and subsequent requests for arrest and surrender. Although a binding legal obligation exists under the Rome Statute with respect to States Parties, nonetheless inter-state cooperation has proven extremely difficult to obtain. There are many reasons for this, however problems of a legal and political nature are identified as the two main areas of obstacles. There are some measures that can be taken in order to prevent the occurrence of problems relating to arrest warrants. The Office of the Prosecutor and the Pre-Trial Chambers have certain powers that can positively affect the execution of arrest warrants. These organs aim to establish a positive cooperation network, both with the States Parties and non-Party States. By using the powers of external bodies, the ICC may attempt to establish favourable circumstances which would increase the effectiveness of arrest warrants.
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Nazi Crimes in Poland. A Never-Ending Search for Justice

75%
Kuczyńska H.
Contemporary Central and East European Law
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2019
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issue 1 (133)
142-160
EN
This article deals with the model for prosecuting Nazi crimes committed in Poland in the light of the model presently used in international criminal law. It tries to answer the question: should the investigation of crimes of international law be handed over to transnational tribunals? Should they be hybrid tribunals involving a national factor, or completely supra-national tribunals like the International Criminal Court? Is it legitimate to transfer jurisdiction over these matters to national courts? The case of unpunished Nazi crimes in Poland may give a partial answer to this question. Certainly, various attempts made after World War II, including procedures brought before Polish courts, have contributed to understanding the function of international criminal law, and finding the answer to the question of the best model for prosecuting crimes of international law. At present, we also have the experience of international criminal tribunals, in particular the ICC, which is an efficient machine for prosecuting crimes of international law. Interesting conclusions can be drawn from its functioning that could improve the work of Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) prosecutors, and shed new light on the considerations regarding the prosecution of Nazi crimes in Poland after World War II.
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Recenzja: l. Gardocki (red.), T. Gardocka, Ł. Majewski, Prawo karne międzynarodowe. Zarys systemu, Wydawnictwo PWN, Warszawa 2017

75%
Falkiewicz A.
Problemy Współczesnego Prawa Międzynarodowego, Europejskiego i Porównawczego
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2018
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vol. 16
222-227
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Digitálne dôkazy v medzinárodnom trestnom práve

75%
Klenka M.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2022
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vol. 161
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issue 9
866-880
EN
The article addresses the fact that digital evidence is beginning to prevail and this represents not just a legal challenge for the international criminal justice system. The aim of this article is to analyse the existing legal framework governing evidence in international criminal law in the context of the use of digital evidence. The starting point is primarily the legal regulation of the International Criminal Court, but we have not forgotten other international criminal tribunals. The article not only deals with the very definition of “digital evidence”, but also deals with the rules of admissibility and exclusion of evidence before the International Criminal Court (especially Article 69 (4) and (7) of the Rome Statute), as well as issues of relevance and admissibility of evidence in general. The subject of the examination is also the authentication and reliability of digital evidence, its probative value and, last but not least, the chain of custody of digital evidence. Finally, there is also some consideration of the future use of digital evidence and the potential risks that its admission and use in court proceedings entails.
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Problematyka ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego w działalności międzynarodowych trybunałów karnych

71%
Stryjkowska S.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
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2016
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vol. 6
211-228
EN
The article aims to present the problem of the ineffectiveness of international legal instruments for the protection of cultural heritage. It presents examples of where such laws were violated and suggests that international criminal law can contribute to a better condition of cultural property. The author emphasizes that the International Criminal Court should play an important role in safeguarding such property from destruction in the future. In that context, the article presents inter allia the case of Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, which is claimed to be a milestone in the protection of cultural heritage.
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The Lubanga Reparations Decision: A Missed Opportunity?

63%
Swart M.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2012
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vol. 32
169-188
EN
In March 2012 the ICC delivered its first and long-awaited judgment in Prosecutor v Lubanga. Trial Chamber I found Thomas Lubanga guilty as co-perpetrator of the war crimes of conscripting and enlisting children into the armed forces. The guilty verdict was followed by a reparations decision on 7 August 2012. This article examines the extent to which the ICC has successfully fulfilled its mandate to formulate reparations principles. The position of reparations within international law generally is discussed. This is followed by an explanation of how the ICC reparation regime functions. The bifurcated reparations mandate of the ICC is also explained. The focus of the article is on a critical assessment of the Lubanga reparations decision. The Court’s treatment of the harm requirement and the requirement of causation is examined. It is argued that the Court’s failure to clarify the requirements of “harm” and “causation” meant that it did not fulfil its mandate to formulate reparations principles.
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Внесок Нюрнберзького трибуналу у формування норм міжнародного права щодо злочинних організацій

63%
Ковалів (Kovaliv) М. M.
Copernicus Political and Legal Studies
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2022
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issue 2
33-39
UK
У статті досліджено внесок Нюрнберзького трибуналу у формування норм сучасного міжнародного права щодо злочинних організацій. Методологічною основою дослідження є системний аналіз міжнародно-правових норм про відповідальність за скоєння міжнародних злочинів, застосування порівняльно-правового, формально-юридичного та інших методів, історичний аналіз виникнення та розвитку відповідальності за скоєння міжнародних злочинів, узагальнення широкого кола нормативних та практичних матеріалів. Проаналізовано еволюцію відповідальності недержавних організацій, які вчинили міжнародні злочини в період після Нюрнберзького процесу, зокрема тенденції та чинники, що вплинули на розвиток концепції міжнародної кримінальної відповідальності. Характеризуючи еволюцію міжнародного права, вважаємо за доцільне розглядати не всі зміни міжнародного права, а лише ті, які вказують на якісне вдосконалення. Еволюція міжнародного права, як і весь розвиток, завжди є об’єктивною. Закріплення принципу міжнародної кримінальної відповідальності у Статуті Нюрнберзького трибуналу виконує охоронну функцію, що виражається в безпосередньому застосуванні норм міжнародного кримінального права та міжнародного гуманітарного права. Розвиток норм міжнародного права, що регулюють юрисдикцію злочинних організацій, не зупиняється. Зазначено, що з розвитком правової визначеності статусу недержавних організацій розвиваються принципи, визначені в рішеннях Нюрнберзького трибуналу щодо відповідальності фізичних і юридичних осіб публічного права за злочини проти людяності. Визначено основні тенденції розвитку міжнародного кримінального права, зокрема щодо відповідальності недержавних юридичних осіб публічного та приватного права. Констатовано, що в період після Нюрнберзького процесу основним напрямом у правовій визначеності відповідальності за військові злочини було розроблення норм і механізму кримінальної відповідальності. Піддано критиці погляди російських дослідників щодо відповідальності за міжнародні кримінальні злочини недержавних організацій, вчинених на території інших країн, позаяк вони вважають, що недержавні організації у такому випадку не можна визнати злочинними організаціями. Вказано, що міжнародне право не містить чіткої межі між формально визначеними організаціями – юридичними особами, визнаними суб’єктами національного права, та злочинними угрупованнями, правовий статус яких може бути визнаний з позиції рішень Нюрнберзького трибуналу. Міжнародно-правові норми з цього питання мають бути присвячені виявленню злочинного характеру діяльності угруповання та встановлення кримінально-правових наслідків для учасників злочинного угруповання. Поширення міжнародно-правової відповідальності за військові злочини, злочини проти людяності, що скоються в період збройних конфліктів міжнародного та неміжнародного характеру, сучасна концепція міжнародного гуманітарного права.
EN
The article examines the contribution of the Nuremberg tribunal in the formation of modern international law on criminal organizations. The methodological basis of the study is a systematic analysis of international law on liability for international crimes, the use of comparative law, formal law and other methods, historical analysis of the origin and development of liability for international crimes, generalization of a wide range of normative and practical materials. The evolution of the responsibility of non-governmental organizations that committed international crimes in the period after the Nuremberg Trials is analyzed, in particular the trends and factors that influenced the development of the concept of international criminal responsibility. In characterizing evolution in international law, it is advisable to consider not all changes in international law, but only those that indicate qualitative improvement. The evolution of international law, like all development, is always objective. The enshrinement of the principle of international criminal responsibility in the Statute of the Nuremberg Tribunal constitutes a protective function, which is expressed in the direct application of the norms of international criminal law and international humanitarian law. The development of international law governing the jurisdiction of criminal organizations does not stop. It is noted that with the development of legal certainty of the status of non-governmental organizations, the principles set out in the decisions of the Nuremberg Tribunal on the responsibility of individuals and legal entities under public law for crimes against humanity are developing. The main trends in the development of international criminal law, including the liability of non-state legal entities under public and private law. It is determined that in the period after the Nuremberg Trials, the main direction in the legal definition of liability for war crimes was the development of norms and mechanisms of criminal liability. Criticism of Russian researchers’ views on the responsibility for international crimes of non-governmental organizations committed in other countries, who believe that non-governmental organizations in this case can not be recognized as criminal organizations. It is stated that international law does not contain a clear line between formally defined organizations - legal entities recognized as subjects of national law, and criminal groups, whose legal status can be recognized from the standpoint of the decisions of the Nuremberg tribunal. International legal norms on this issue should be devoted to identifying the criminal nature of the group and the establishment of criminal consequences for members of the criminal group. Dissemination of international legal responsibility for war crimes, crimes against humanity committed during armed conflicts of international and non-international nature, the modern concept of international humanitarian law.
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Konferencja międzynarodowa “Holocaust and International Law”, Odessa, 25-26 października 2018 r.

63%
Stebelska O.
Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda
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2018
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vol. 1
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issue 1-2
172-177
EN
On October 25-26, 2018, the International Conference “Holocaust and International Law” took place at the Odesa House of Scientists, which was dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the adoption of The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide on December 9, 1948. The conference took place at the memorable dates of the murder of the Jewish population of Odesa in the gunpowder warehouses in 1941. The organizers of the conference have focused on the influence of the Holocaust in the formation of the doctrine and practice of international law on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide, as well as on the reflection of these tragic events in the international legal consciousness.
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Przestępstwa polegające na wywołaniu niebezpieczeństwa międzypaństwowego jako delicta iuris gentium (Wnioski na V Międzynarodową Konferencję Unifikacji Prawa Karnego w Madrycie)

63%
Lemkin R.
Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda
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2018
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vol. 1
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issue 1-2
130-137
PL
Adam Redzik: Za kilka dni minie 70 lat od dnia, gdy Zgromadzenie Ogólne Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych uchwaliło Konwencję w sprawie zapobiegania i karania zbrodni ludobójstwa. Miało to miejsce w Paryżu 9 grudnia 1948 r. Niedługo potem została ona ratyfikowana i weszła w życie. Poniżej publikujemy artykuł, który ukazał się na łamach „Głosu Prawa” w 1933 r. W tekście tym “Dr. Rafał Lemkin, podprokurator Sądu Okr. (Warszawa)”, zapowiedział uregulowanie przez społeczność międzynarodową najcięższych zbrodni iuris gentium, które „będą ścigane i karane niezależnie od miejsca popełnienia przestępstwa i od przynależności państwowej sprawcy, stosownie do ustawy obowiązującej w miejscu ścigania”. W tamtym czasie niestety nie doszło do szerszej dyskusji nad propozycjami polskiego prawnika, a sam Lemkin nie pojechał też do Madrytu na konferencję, na którą zgłosił swoje tezy. Odwołanie Lemkina z polskiej delegacji bywa przedmiotem nadinterpretacji. Prawdopodobne wydaje się, że doszło do kumulacji kilku ważnych zdarzeń na forum międzynarodowym. Tylko tytułem zasygnalizowania należy przypomnieć trzy zdarzenia mające miejsce w 1933 r. wpływ na polską aktywność na forum międzynarodowym. W styczniu Hitler doszedł do władzy w Niemczech. Józef Piłsudski nie miał złudzeń i wysłał tajną misję do Francji celem zorientowania się, czy są szanse na interwencję w Niemczech. Francja – po doświadczeniu I wojny światowej – nie miała zamiaru podejmować żadnych ruchów przeciwko Niemcom. Piłsudski postanowił więc podjąć rozmowy z Hitlerem, aby zabezpieczyć interesy Polski ze strony Niemiec. W efekcie, 26 stycznia 1934 r. podpisana została deklaracja polsko-niemiecka o niestosowaniu przemocy. W trakcie rozmów z Niemcami postanowiono, że tezy referatu Lemkina mogą być niewygodne. W konsekwencji Lemkin, jako przedstawiciel rządu polskiego został odwołany z delegacji. Dodać należy, że w następnych delegacjach uczestniczył, chociaż już jako adwokat. W tekście oryginalnym dokonano wyłącznie kosmetycznych korekt, wynikających z prawideł współczesnej ortografii polskiej, poprawiono oczywiste omyłki oraz uzupełniono nieznacznie przypisy. Artykuł Rafała Lemkina w tym samym czasie (w 1934 r.) ukazał się po francusku w Paryżu, a w nieco skróconych wersjach w Madrycie (także po francusku) oraz we Wiedniu (po niemiecku). Zawierał on pierwszą wersję opisu zbrodni, którą w 1944 r. Lemkin nazwał „genocydem” – „ludobójstwem”. Przedrukowujemy go jako materiał źródłowy – z archiwum „Głosu Prawa” adw. dr. Anzelma Lutwaka. W kolejnych zeszytach przypomnimy kilka innych – naszym zdaniem ważnych – artykułów, które ukazały się na łamach najbardziej „niezależnego czasopisma prawniczego” okresu II RP – jak zwykł pisać o nim sam redaktor.
EN
The section „Fontes” is dedicated to short legal research papers which were published many years ago, and today are not known. Preprint is preceded by introductory remarks about the paper and its author. In the first volume we preprint an article by Rafał (Raphael) Lemkin from the times when he was a Polish prosecutor and a delegate of the Polish government to international congresses. In 1933 he formulated a proposal to the international community to regulate in international law the gravest crimes against the person which were called “barbarity” and “vandalism”. From these terms, in 1944 the word “genocyd” was created, and Lemkin’s proposals from 1933 eventuated after the trauma of Holocaust in the form of the UN Convention from 9 December 1948 on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The preprinted article was published as motions during the 5th International Conference on the Unification of Criminal Law in Madrid. It also appeared in the “Voice of Law” 1933, issue 10. At that time it was published in slightly modified versions in French (in Paris and in Madrid) and in German (in Vienna).
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Kara śmierci w świetle norm prawnomiędzynarodowych

63%
Niewęgłowski K., Mierzwa M.
Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe
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2018
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vol. 21
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issue 37
EN
The issue of death penalty under international law can be described by pointing out specific legal norms or lack of them in treaties regarding human rights (e.g. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), humanitarian law (i.e. Geneva Conventions), international criminal law (i.e. Rome Statute). Moreover, international institutions address issue of death penalty in soft law and in judicature. Following history of those norms, abolistic tendencies are explicit and particularly strong in the post-World War II international society.
PL
Zagadnienie kary śmierci w aktach prawnomiędzynarodowych można opisać poprzez wskazanie odpowiednich unormowań lub ich braku w traktatach dotyczących dziedziny praw człowieka (jak np. Międzynarodowy Pakt Praw Obywatelskich i Politycznych), prawa humanitarnego (m.in. konwencje genewskie) czy międzynarodowego prawa karnego (m.in. Statut Rzymski). Organy międzynarodowe odnoszą się również do tej problematyki w tzw. soft law oraz w orzecznictwie. Śledząc historię tych unormowań, szczególnie widoczny jest trend abolicjonistyczny, charakteryzujący społeczność międzynarodową, który zauważalnie przybrał na sile w okresie po II wojnie światowej.
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Znaczenie „Procesu Lekarzy” przed Amerykańskim Trybunałem Wojskowym nr 1 w Norymberdze dla prawnokarnej oceny eksperymentów badawczych

63%
Gałązka M.
Studia Prawnicze KUL
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2020
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issue 2
147-174
EN
The article analyses the significance of the so-called “Medical Case” before the United States Military Tribunal I in Nuremberg from the perspective of criminal law. The object of this trial, which resulted with a judgment of 19th and 20th August 1947, was the criminal liability of perpetrators of experiments conducted in Nazi concentration camps. The legal qualification adopted in this judgment recognized these practices as a way of committing war crimes and crimes against humanity. It has found continuation in the law of armed conflicts, although attempts to criminalize in international law the research exploitation of a human at a more extensive scope failed. The Nuremberg trial also demonstrated the inadequacy of classical institutions excluding the unlawfulness of an act to the research experiment. At the same time, it provided a basis for the development of specific conditions for the admissibility of medical research, grounded on the principle of primacy of the human being over collective interests.
PL
Artykuł poddaje analizie znaczenie tzw. procesu lekarzy przed Amerykańskim Trybunałem Wojskowym nr 1 w Norymberdze z perspektywy prawa karnego. Przedmiotem tego procesu, zakończonego wyrokiem z 19 i 20 sierpnia 1947 r., była odpowiedzialność karna sprawców eksperymentów prowadzonych w hitlerowskich obozach koncentracyjnych. Przyjęta w wyroku ATW nr 1 kwalifikacja prawna uznała te praktyki za sposób popełnienia zbrodni wojennych i zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości. Znalazła ona kontynuację w prawie konfliktów zbrojnych, chociaż nie powiodły się próby szerszej kryminalizacji w prawie międzynarodowym badawczego wykorzystania człowieka. Proces norymberski ukazał zarazem nieadekwatność klasycznych instytucji wyłączających bezprawność czynu do eksperymentu badawczego, dając podstawy dla wykształcenia się szczególnych warunków dopuszczalności badań medycznych opartych na zasadzie prymatu człowieka nad interesami zbiorowymi.
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Problemy wykładnicze wybranych znamion zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości

63%
Paszko M.
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
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2022
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vol. 84
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issue 1
37-49
EN
Frequently, on the basis of regulating crimes against humanity, justified interpretational doubts arise as to the meaning of the expressions used by the legislator. The first of these involves parallel application of acts of international law. The second one can be reduced to numerous allegations concerning the legislator’s failure to comply with the principles of correct legislative technique. This creates or increases interpretational confusion of the law. This article presents the most important problems related to the structure of the elements of the crimes against humanity.
PL
Częstokroć na gruncie regulacji zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości pojawiają się uzasadnione wątpliwości interpretacyjne co do znaczenia wyrażeń, którymi posługuje się ustawodawca. Pierwsza z tych wątpliwości wiąże się ze stosowaniem aktów prawa międzynarodowego. Z kolei druga sprowadza się do nieprzestrzegania przez ustawodawcę zasad poprawnej legislacji, przyczyniającej się do powstania lub zwiększenia zamętu interpretacyjnego. W tym stanie rzeczy przedmiotem badań należy uczynić to, co stanowi istotny problem w właściwym zdekodowaniu znamion zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości.
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