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1

Reemigracja i przekazy pieniężne: ujęcie regionane

100%
Brzozowski J., Gruszka M., Szymańka J., Ulasiński C., Majka M.
Ekonomista
|
2017
|
issue 1
47-66
PL
W artykule tym autorzy analizują empiryczne determinanty decyzji emigrantów zarobkowych dotyczących powrotu do kraju oraz przesyłanych przez nich przekazów pieniężnych z perspektywy macierzystego regionu. Inaczej niż w poprzednich tego typu badaniach autorzy przebadali bezpośrednio osoby, które rzeczywiście powróciły do kraju, a nie te, które deklarują jedynie chęć powrotu, jak to było we wcześniejszych badaniach. Na podstawie badania ankietowego obejmującego dużą i reprezentatywną grupę gospodarstw domowych z województwa śląskiego (okręgu położonego w Polsce południowej) autorzy identyfikują najważniejsze czynniki wpływające na indywidualne decyzje emigrantów o powrocie do kraju i na ich zachowania w zakresie przesyłanych do kraju przekazów pieniężnych. Następnie badają zależność pomiędzy decyzją o powrocie a przekazami pieniężnymi do kraju. Wyniki badania pokazują, że osoby, które powracają do kraju, przesyłają do domu więcej pieniędzy niż osoby pozostające za granicą w chwili przeprowadzania ankiety. Wyniki pokazują też, że osoby z wyższym wykształceniem przesyłają do kraju mniej pieniędzy niż osoby z wykształceniem podstawowym i średnim.
EN
In this paper, the authors analyze empirically the determinants of return migration and the linkage between return migration and remittance behavior from the perspective of migrant source region. The study brings a new perspective to this topic, as the authors have directly identified return migrants and do not rely on the declared intentions to return, as in the previous studies. Using a large representative household survey from Silesian voivodeship (a province in southern Poland), the authors identify the most important factors that affect the individual’s decision to return to the home region. Then they inspect the relationship between the return decision and remittance behavior. The results of the study show that return migrants are more prone to remit and send more funds than those migrants who remained abroad at the moment of the survey. The findings demonstrate also that tertiary educated migrants are less likely to transfer financial assets than other migrants.
RU
В статье авторы анализируют эмпирические детерминанты, влияющие на решения трудовых эмигрантов, касающихся возвращения на родину и передаваемых ими денежных трансфертов, с точки зрения их родного региона. Иначе, чем в предыдущих такого типа исследованиях, авторы работали с людьми, которые действительно вернулись на родину, а не с теми, которые только заявляют о желании вернуться, как это было в более ранних исследованиях. На основе анкетного исследования, охватывающего большую и представительную группу домашних хозяйств из силезского воеводства (региона расположенного на юге Польши), авторы выявили самые важные факторы, влияющие на индивидуальные решения эмигрантов относительно возвращения на родину и на их поведение касательно передаваемых на родину денежных трансфертов. Затем авторы исследуют зависимость между решением вернуться на родину и денежными трансфертами. Исследования показывают, что люди, которые решили вернуться, посылают домой больше денег, чем те, которые решили остаться за рубежом. Результаты показывают также, что люди с высшим образованием передают на родину меньше денег, чем люди с неполным средним и средним образованием.
2
Content available remote

Leading the way in the integration of international migrants: enhancing labour migrants through social and solidarity economy

100%
Aretxabala M. E.
International Economics Letters
|
2012
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vol. 1
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issue 1
23-41
EN
The paper reports some of the results obtained from a study conducted on the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) and the integration of international migrants. The DNA of the Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs) distinguishes this kind of companies from other economic stakeholders, including those of the SSE. These devices, as hybrid companies, go beyond a pure economic rationale, enabling labor activation and social inclusion for disadvantaged groups, including vulnerable international migrants. Therefore, WISEs should be understood as valuable mechanisms for achieving optimal levels of personal empowerment and social and labor integration in their active use and enhancement of employees’ capacities and competencies. All of their activities has an impact on social justice in helping to construct a more inclusive growth and society and fosters the integration of labor international immigrants specially.
3
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Long-term trends in international migration: lessons from macroeconomic model

100%
Docquier F.
Economics and Business Review
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2018
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vol. 4(18)
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issue 1
3-15
EN
In this paper I develop a stylized model of the world economy and use it to explain the long-run trends in international migration. The model very well fits the trends of the last 40 years which are mainly governed by the evolution of population disparities between industrialized and developing countries. Then I provide migration projections for the 21st century and show that future migration is also governed by socio-demographic changes. I predict a robust increase in immigration pressures from sub-Saharan Africa and MENA countries to European countries.
4

Learning as a precondition of migrants’ interest and engagement

100%
Morasso S.
Human Affairs
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2012
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vol. 22
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issue 3
313-324
EN
This paper considers the complex relation between migrants’ interest in their host country and their consequent civic or social engagement in the framework of processes of transition following the rupture of international migration (cf. Zittoun 2006). In phases of transition, migrants live processes of identity definition, sense-making of the situation and learning new knowledge and social, cognitive and practical skills. I argue that learning may be considered a precondition for a migrant’s interest and engagement with the host country culture and institutions. In this connection, I use Eade’s (2007) notion of migration strategy to describe migrant profiles based on learning. My case is supported by a qualitative analysis of two paradigmatic case studies
5

Immigration in the European Union in the Second Decade of the 21stCentury: Problem or Solution?

100%
Orłowska R.
Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia
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2012
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vol. 10
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issue 1
164-174
EN
This article presents immigration as an important issue discussed within European Union (EU). The author shows some statistics on international migration, population stocks of national and foreign (non-national) citizens. In destination countries, international migration may be used as a tool to solve specific labour market shortages. At the same time though, international migration alone will almost certainly not reverse the ongoing trend of population ageing experienced in many parts of the EU.The main aim of this paper is to show that immigration is one of the most efficient objects of interest to European Union citizens and leaders. In the interest of the EU and its Member States is therefore to show that they are developing an overall strategy for managing migration for the benefit of all stakeholders: the European Union, its citizens, migrants and the source countries of migration.Migration policies within the EU are increasingly concerned with attracting a particular migrant profile, often in an attempt to alleviate specific skills shortages. Besides policies to encourage labour recruitment, immigration policy is often focused on two areas: preventing irregular migration and the illegal employment of migrants who are not permitted to work, and promoting the integration of immigrants into society. In the EU, significant resources have been mobilised to fight people smuggling and trafficking networks.
6
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Role zahraniční migrace v měnící se sociálně prostorové diferenciaci Prahy

100%
Přidalová I., Ouředníček M.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2017
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vol. 53
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issue 5
659-692
EN
Investigating the spatial differentiation of foreign populations in cities, especially the level of ethnic segregation, has a long tradition in Western European and American social geography. Owing to increased international mobility since the 1990s, it has also become relevant for some post-socialist cities. This article examines how the growing ethnic heterogeneity of the urban population is reflected in the spatial distribution of foreign citizens in Prague, which is now a unique example of a newly multicultural post-socialist capital. The analysis uses the migration register and census data based on citizenship. The results suggest that foreign citizens are a factor in the transformation of the ethnic structure of the population especially in the inner city and the historical core. Ethnic segregation appears to be most pronounced among economically stronger and culturally distant groups, but concentrations of foreign citizens are forming on the level of localities rather than urban quarters. The article offers the first insight into the relationship between international migration and a post-socialist city, which, soon after the fall of communism, became a destination of international immigration.
7

Trendy w emigracji siły roboczej krajów bałtyckich w latach 2003–2013

100%
Wołkonowski J.
International Business and Global Economy
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2014
|
vol. Volume 33
140–153
EN
Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia have regained independence and accession to the EU have brought great transformations in economic and social life of the Baltic States. One of the determinants of these changes is international emigration. For many years Lithuania has maintained the highest rate of migration in the EU. Latvia follows close behind. The aim of this article is to determine the causes of such state of affairs and to assess the changes in emigration in the Baltic countries during the studied period, according to the level, structure, and destination countries. The study is based on the data acquired from statistical offices of the countries in question and the EU. The main reason for emigration of the inhabitants of these countries is striving for a higher level of prosperity. Economic theories of migration divide these reasons into „push factors” and „pull factors”. The former include low standards of living in the country of birth or government policy, while the latter – good economic prospects in the destination country. Considerable impact on emigration was made by the crisis that started in Lithuania and Latvia in 2009 and resulted in over 15% decline in GDP. Young and middle-aged people constitute the main part of the emigrants in the studied countries and the nature of their migration is primarily profit-making.
8
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Wealth formation by economic agents and their international mobility: towards an eclectic migration decision-support framework

89%
Jancewicz B., Markowski S.
Studia z Polityki Publicznej
|
2019
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vol. 6
|
issue 4(24)
33-60
PL
Migracja międzynarodowa miała istotny wpływ na społeczny i gospodarczy rozwój narodów. Zdecydowana większość populacji świata nadal jednak mieszka w kraju swojego urodzenia. Z jednej strony różnice w dochodach i zamożności państw stanowią siłę odśrodkową motywującą do migracji, z drugiej strony utrudnienia w swobodnym przenoszeniu się kapitału ludzkiego, finansowego, fizycznego jak i społecznego stanowią siłę dośrodkową, motywującą do pozostania w miejscu. W niniejszym artykule dokonano przeglądu znacznej części literatury na temat migracji międzynarodowej pod kątem wpływu czynników ekonomicznych na decyzje dotyczące międzynawowej mobilności i jej braku. Artykuł ma na celu udoskonalenie i rozszerzenie neoklasycznych podstaw teorii migracji, nakreślenie, w jaki sposób ekonomiczni agenci (potencjalni migranci) starają się uprościć skomplikowane mechanizmy decyzyjne oraz pokazanie, jak w przypadku niezdecydowania domyślną decyzją staje się pozostanie w miejscu.
EN
International migration has been a major influence on the economic and social development of nations. Nevertheless, a vast majority of the global population continues to reside in their country of birth. While income/wealth differentials between states create centrifugal forces responsible for migration, impediments to international mobility of human, financial, physical and social capital assets work in the centripetal direction. This paper reviews a large segment of the extant literature on international migration to probe economic influences on people’s international mobility and immobility decisions. It aims to refine and extend the neoclassical foundations of migration theory and to outline how potentially complex decision mechanisms used by potentially mobile economic agents may be modified to simplify the complexity inherent in such choices so that immobility is often a default outcome of indecision.
9
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Where and why in the UK? The Case of Polish Migrants

88%
Kowalewska G., Rutkowska-Ziarko A., Simister J., Sonmez Y.
Olsztyn Economic Journal
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2016
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vol. 11
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issue 2
137-150
EN
This article focuses on one of the most controversial issues frequently discussed by many including politicians, academics and the media in the UK and Poland: migration of Polish people to Britain. The main aim is to identify the important factors causing migration of Poles within the UK. In this article, the authors seek to study the pull factors, i.e. level of wages or employment rate, for Polish people between different regions within the UK. By using the data from “Labour Force Surveys” collected by the UK government; and data from Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) in Poland, this paper analyses where and why the Polish migrants live in the UK. The most important factor determining the fraction of Polish people in a given region is the fraction of Polish people in that region in the past. When Polish people move within UK, they tend to choose a region with a higher level of gross pay, and they don’t seem to consider the risk of unemployment. The authors are grateful to providers of survey data discussed in the “Data and methods” section of this paper. LFS data are made available by the UK Data Service. Views reported in this paper do not necessarily reflect opinions of organisations which commissioned or provided access to these surveys.
10
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A blueprint for determining the impacts of female labour migration: a case of the Czech Republic

88%
Welkins E., Strielkowski W.
International Economics Letters
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2013
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vol. 2
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issue 2
18-27
EN
The main goal of this paper is to deepen the understanding of female labour migration in the Czech Republic through proposing a blueprint of a research design that can be implemented in a form of a research project. A special stress in the research design is made on the research of the female labour and on examining how far the notion of risk may be useful as an analytical tool in explaining the process of female labour migration using the example of the work sectors typically allocated for female workers (e.g. cleaning, nursing, retail sellers, etc.). Furthermore, blueprint offers a novel approach to the topic of female migration by enriching the new methodological toolbox by applying the methodology of Mexican Migration Project (MMP) carried our since 1982 by Professor Douglas Massey from Princeton University and Professor Jorge Durand from the University of Guadalajara. This approach would yield a unique source of data that would enable tracking patterns and processes of contemporary female labour immigration to the Czech Republic.
11
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New Southern European intercultural societies: a challenge for their social services in a time of crises

88%
Aretxabala M. E.
International Economics Letters
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2013
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vol. 2
|
issue 3
30-43
EN
This paper tackles the topic of social services, both public and private, used for the integration of immigrants in the case of the Basque Country. Firstly, some data of inflows to that Spanish region and the legal aspects in migration policies and programmes fostered for the integration of immigrants are shown. Secondly, the analysis that explores the social services and devices provided from the public sphere and from the social organizations concerning the integration of international migrants is performed. For this purpose, a research survey was carried out with an empirical study from a methodological design for document analysis and legislation. Qualitative techniques were applied to different agents and institutions involved in policy-making and public services for the integration of foreign-born residents at the level of the Basque Country including social workers at basic social services and civil society institutions and associations related to the immigrant population. The results are intended to draw conclusions and suggestions for the improvement and enrichment of the intervention with migrant population in intercultural European societies in time of reconfigurations.
12
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Bohemia’s Antipodes: Post-Communist Czech Migration to New Zealand

88%
Opara O.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
|
2018
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vol. 7
|
issue 2
5-34
EN
In the post-communist era, the European migration space changed significantly. It has become characterised predominantly by temporary labour migration and new forms of circular, return and onward migration which are collectively theorised as ‘liquid’. The 2004/2007 eastward expansion of the EU resulted in the re-emergence of large-scale East-West intra-EU migration; however, Czechia continues to have one of the lowest levels of emigration among EU member-states in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). This article analyses Czech migration to New Zealand, which constitutes a considerable portion of overall Czech emigration. It is hypothesised that this flow can be understood as an example of ‘liquid’ migration beyond the EU to a distant settler society. Data from Immigration New Zealand and Stats NZ are examined to identify the trends, patterns and sociodemographic profile of Czech-to-New Zealand migration; other secondary sources provide a preliminary sketch of the motivations behind (and lived experiences of) Czech migrants in New Zealand. The study finds that this migration is increasing – mostly for temporary work, holidaying or visiting friends and relatives – and one of the largest, youngest and most recently arrived migrant groups from the CEE EU-10 countries. It is concluded that Czechia’s comparatively high standard of living may be an explanatory factor behind the relatively large flow of its people to New Zealand and that further qualitative investigation is needed to elucidate the motivations and diverse experiences of individual Czech migrants. The article ultimately contributes to comparative migration studies by exploring a potentially unique case of liquid migration to a traditional settler society.
13
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Migracje Polaków do Szwecji po przystąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej w 2004 roku

88%
Friedrich M.
Cywilizacja i Polityka
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2016
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vol. 14
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issue 14
163-173
PL
Migracje ludności uznać należy za jedną z fundamentalnych wartości życia kulturowo-cywilizacyjnego, kształtującą nową rzeczywistość społeczną świata. W przestrzeni powiązanej strukturą Unii Europejskiej zauważyć można dwa odmienne zjawiska związane z migracją: dążenie do wcielenia w życie zasady swobodnego przepływu osób oraz zjawisko stosowania przez wiele państw ograniczeń dotyczących imigrantów. Szwecja wyróżnia się na tle innych państw europejskich przychylnością dla ludności napływowej. Królestwo Szwecji postrzega się jako kraj otwarty na imigrację, gdzie polityka migracyjna i integracyjna oparta została na zasadach równości, solidarności, współpracy i konsensusu. Liczba Polaków w tym kraju jest już trzecią największą liczbą cudzoziemców, ulegając zwiększeniu zwłaszcza po wstąpieniu Polski do UE. Praca zarobkowa jest głównym celem migracji obywateli polskich do Szwecji, jednakże kraj ten jest również coraz częściej wybierany przez młodych ludzi jako miejsce do zdobycia wykształcenia, zwłaszcza wyższego.
EN
Human migration should be considered as one of the fundamental values of cultural and civilization life, which is creating a new social reality. In the European Union there are different attitudes towards migration: on one hand – professing the principle of free human movement and on the other hand – making restrictions on immigrants. Sweden stands out from other European countries because of friendliness for immigrants. In this country, the migration and integration policy is based on the principles of equality, solidarity, cooperation and consensus. Number of Poles in Sweden is the third largest number of foreigners and it is still increasing, especially after accession of Poland to the European Union. Gainful employment is the main objective of Polish citizens migrating to Sweden. The country is also being selected by young people as a place, where everyone could gain an education, especially higher education. Keywords: international migration, migration policy, integration policy, Sweden multiculturalism, Polish migrants in Sweden.
14
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Społeczno‑ekonomiczne efekty migracji międzynarodowych Polaków: kariery zawodowe i kapitał ludzki

88%
Grabowska I.
Studia BAS
|
2014
|
issue 4(40)
81-103
EN
The aim of the paper is to discuss the socio‑economic effects of the international migration of Poles in light of their careers. The analysis is based on quantitative comprehensive data extracted from both public statistics and dedicated local surveys drawn from local communities with high density of migration, as well as from qualitative studies devoted to occupational biographies and social remittances of migrants. The author shows differentiations of occupational careers of migrants and sedentary local populations, and various profiles of transitions from the Polish education to the foreign labour market. She also seeks an answer to the question what Polish migrants bring from migration beyond money, and how migration impacts human capital.
15

Kinship construction variability among Nigerian international migrants: The context of contemporary Diaspora

88%
Akanle O., Olutayo O.
Human Affairs
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2011
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vol. 21
|
issue 4
470-480
EN
Understanding the selves, situations and actions of Africans can never be comprehended outside kinship. Local and foreign worldviews are first pigeonholed into culture and defined within kinship realities in Nigeria and Africa. There have been studies on kinship in Africa. However, the findings from such studies portrayed the immutability of African kinship. Thus, as an important contribution to the on-going engagement of kinship in the twenty-first century as an interface between the contemporary Diaspora, this article engaged kinship within international migration. This is a major behavioural and socio-economic force in Nigeria. Methodological triangulation was adopted as part of the research design and primary data were collected through in-depth interviews (IDIs), and life histories of international migrants were documented and focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with kin of returnees. The article found and concluded that while returnees continued to appreciate local kinship infrastructures, the infrastructures were liable to reconstruction primarily determined by dominant support situations in the traditional African kinship networks.
16
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Belarus in the Eurasian Migration System: The Challenges of the Last Decade and Their Consequences

88%
Petrakova Y.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2022
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vol. 11
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issue 1
125-144
EN
This article presents the main recent developments in migration trends to and from Belarus. It studies these trends via the migration systems theory lenses, according to which Belarus belongs to the Eurasian migration system. The most significant migration flows are directed towards Russia, due to the existence of the Union State. However, over the last decade, Belarusian statistics have shown a gradual transformation in the direction of these migration flows. After the recession in Russia in 2015, the number of emigrants from Belarus to EU countries increased. The most significant changes have occurred in the migration dynamics between Belarus and Poland and Lithuania. The existence of the Pole’s Card makes it more difficult to measure the number of Belarusian immigrants in Poland, therefore, I provide a comparative analysis of Belarusian and Polish statistics in order to show a more realistic picture of the number and structure of Belarusian emigrants and the problem of underestimation in the sending country. Particular attention is paid to the consequences of the political situation in Belarus after 2020; this has become an additional push factor for emigrants and may also lead to a further reduction of Belarusian migratory links within the Eurasian migration system. Thus, the statistics for 2021 show a significant increase in the number of Belarusian emigrants to the EU, while emigration to Russia has remained at the same level.
17

Migracje polskiego personelu medycznego do Wielkiej Brytanii po 2004 r. i ich wpływ na społeczeństwa i gospodarki

75%
Ślęzak E.
International Business and Global Economy
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2014
|
vol. Volume 33
154–165
EN
The paper aims at analysing the effects induced by the process of the Polish medical professionals’ migration to the United Kingdom following Poland’s accession to the European Union and their situation in the UK. Before all else, the major theories of migration will be presented in the context of the mobility of the Polish medical personnel. Then, the characteristics of the migrants and a sample will be presented. Finally, based on the conducted qualitative study, selected effects and consequences of their migration for societies and economies are going to be scrutinised.
18
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Integration of immigrants and the role of policy in the OECD countries

75%
Woźniak K.
Economics and Business Review
|
2020
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vol. 6(20)
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issue 1
3-21
EN
With the increase in global spatial mobility the importance of migration policy (including integration policy) is increasing day by day, both in developed countries and new market economies. In the course of the research on migration policy various measures were constructed. Even though the particular measures relate to different areas of migration policy, they do not refer to the effectiveness of migration policy. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the integration of immigrants into the labour market in the countries that belong to the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) and to analyse the relationships between these effects and the integration policy adopted by the individual countries. The TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) method and the CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) method were used in the research. The results indicate that the highest effectiveness of migration policy in terms of integration of immigrants into the labour market was reported in the following OECD countries: Iceland, Switzerland and New Zealand. The results also suggest that the higher the level of integration policy restrictiveness in a given country, the worse the effects in terms of integration of immigrants into the labour market that were noticed by this country.
19
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Główne teorie migracji międzynarodowych: przegląd, krytyka, perspektywy

75%
Jaskułowski K., Pawlak M.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
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2016
|
issue 48
EN
Key theories of international migrations: overview, critique and perspectivesThe article aims at critical review of the key theories of international migration. The starting point is the assumption that a critical review of theoretical literature is a necessary component of the research process, especially regarding such rapidly growing field as migration studies. The authors analyze the most important theories developed in migration studies (economic theories, structural-historical theories, migration networks and transnationalism) by pointing out their historical contexts, drawbacks and limitations. At the same time they indicate the new research perspectives, which include relations between migration theory and a broader social context as well as the dialectic of mobility and immobility. Główne teorie migracji międzynarodowych: przegląd, krytyka, perspektywyArtykuł ma na celu krytyczny przegląd głównych teorii migracji międzynarodowych. Punktem wyjścia jest założenie, że krytyczne przeglądy teoretycznej literatury stanowią niezbędny element procesu badawczego, zwłaszcza w tak żywiołowo rozwijającej się dziedzinie jak studia migracyjne. Autorzy analizują najważniejsze koncepcje wypracowane w ramach badań migracyjnych: teorie ekonomiczne, strukturalno-historyczne, sieci migracyjnych i transnacjonalizmu. Pokazują kontekst historyczny oraz wady i ograniczenia każdej z teorii wskazując nowe perspektywy badawcze: powiązania teorii migracji z szerszym kontekstem społecznym i dialektyką mobilności/braku mobilności.
20
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Recent Trends in International Migration in Poland

75%
Fihel A., Kaczmarczyk P., Stefańska R.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2012
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vol. 1
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issue 1
69-90
EN
The article presents the main recent developments in migration policy and migration trends to and from Poland. Polish migration policy has been becoming more open to immigrants in the years 2009-2011, especially immigrants needed by the Polish economy. At the same time, according to the new migration strategy, it is going to devote more attention to the issue of immigrants’ integration. As for trends in international migration, the trans-border mobility remained elevated and intensified, among others due to agreements on the Local Border Traffic with the Eastern neighbours. Since 2006 the emigration for a permanent stay has been decreasing and immigration for a permanent stay has been increasing, mostly due to return migration of Polish citizens, but still, in 2010 a negative net migration was registered. The number of long-term Polish emigrants stabilized, while the number of short-term emigrants declined abruptly, which suggests that Poland is already in a ‘late’ or ‘mature’ phase of post-accession emigration, characterized by stabilization of the outflow of settlement type and intensification of return migration. The latter is to some extent reflected by the statistics referring to immigration for a permanent stay and to mixed marriages. Labour immigration and foreign employment in Poland have been increasing constantly over recent years.
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