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1
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Does the Rule of Law also apply to the Security Council? Limiting its powers by way of responsibility and accountability

100%
Šturma P.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2012
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vol. 32
299-305
EN
Both States and international organizations are subjects of international law. They possess an international legal personality, which also implies international responsibility in case of breach of their obligations. This contribution presents the argument that also the UN Security Council is not legibus solutus, therefore its acts may entail the responsibility of the Organization. A problem remains in the implementation of such responsibility.
2
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The Method of New Positivism as Elaborated by Ludwik Ehrlich

86%
Hachkevych A.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2018
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vol. 38
99-113
EN
This article is an attempt to identify the essence of new positivism, described by Ludwik Ehrlich as a method of interpretation of international law. The evolution of his views on international law is examined with respect to the place of this method from the beginning of 1920s until his retirement in 1961. The article expounds on both the theoretical and methodological aspects of new positivism, according to which judicial decisions should be taken into account in addition to international treaties and customs for the determination of international law. The question of the obligatory force of international law is discussed as being related to the principle of good faith, which is at the core of Ehrlich’s views on international law. The article offers suggestions on how the method of new positivism might be used and what tasks it can fulfil today. It also makes an attempt to critically analyse Ehrlich’s method and to characterize it both in general and in the context of the theory of international law.
3

Odpowiedzialność Unii Europejskiej za naruszenie postanowień umowy stowarzyszeniowej — uwagi w świetle orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości

86%
Kalicka-Mikołajczyk A.
Wrocławsko-Lwowskie Zeszyty Prawnicze
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2018
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vol. 9
59-70
EN
The European Union (EU) is responsible for consequences of its international actions. However, the material scope of the EU international responsibility depends on the division of competences between the EU and its member states. Each could be held responsible only within the scope of its competences. In cases where the division of powers was not clarified at the time of the negotiation and conclusion of such an agreement, there is joint responsibility, which means that the EU and its member states are jointly liable for fulfilling the obligations owed to a third state under a bilateral association agreement. Since association agreements concluded by the EU are binding on its institutions and on the member states, it is incumbent on both the institutions and the member states to ensure that the obligations arising under such agreements are complied with. In doing so, member states fulfil, “an obligation not only in relation to the third country concerned but also and above all in relation to the Union which has assumed responsibility for due performance of the agreement” (C-13/00, Commission of the European Communities v. Ireland, EU:C:2002:184).
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Právní aspekty investiční politiky Evropské unie

72%
Müller D., Svoboda O.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2018
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vol. 157
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issue 3
221-235
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyze the main features and development of the newly created European Union (EU) investment policy, giving particular attention to its key concerns. First, the article introduces the shift of competences from the Member States to the EU, following the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. This new playing field, based upon the inclusion of foreign direct investment within the framework of common commercial policy, is compared to the previous situation and legal framework. Consequently, the article identifies and analyzes three essential concerns associated with the EU investment policy. First, it follows the uncertain legal statute and nature of Member States´ bilateral investment treaties after the transfer of power to the EU. The high level of uncertainty required drafting and swift adoption of the particular EU regulation, which laid down the foundation for the conformity of these bilateral agreements with the EU law. Second, the anticipated setting of European investment policy is discussed, based on the initial Commission Communication, as well as on its current practice, including the basic standards of treatment and selection of negotiating partners. So far, the EU has commenced negotiations with a number of third countries, while negotiations are already concluded with Canada, Singapore and Vietnam. The final part concerns the draft of mechanism for the division of respondents and financial responsibility between Member States and the EU for future investor-state dispute settlements, using European regulation.
CS
Článek se zabývá nastavením a vývojem stále relativně nové investiční politiky Evropské unie (EU), se zaměřením na její nejvíce diskutované aspekty. V úvodu je nejprve představena změna kompetencí EU, kterou přinesl vstup Lisabonské smlouvy v platnost, a nový stav, ve kterém se přímé zahraniční investice staly součástí obchodní politiky jako výlučné pravomoci EU, je porovnán s předcházející situací. Článek dále rozebírá tři hlavní okruhy problémů. Prvním z nich je právní statut a povaha bilaterálních dohod o ochraně a podpoře investic jednotlivých členských států po přenosu pravomocí, kdy bylo třeba zvláštní úpravou v rámci evropského práva garantovat jejich další platnost. Druhé téma se týká nového mechanismu nastavení mezinárodní odpovědnosti za závazky z porušení budoucích evropských dohod, respektive právní úpravy rozdělení této odpovědnosti mezi členské státy a Evropskou unii prostřednictvím evropského nařízení. Třetí okruh zkoumaných otázek tvoří budoucí nastavení evropské investiční politiky tak, jak jej původně navrhla Evropská komise, a tak, jak vypadá jeho realizace dosud, včetně smluvních standardů a smluvních partnerů. Evropská komise od roku 2011 zahájila jednání s řadou třetích zemí, přičemž dokončena jsou již vyjednávání s Kanadou, Singapurem a Vietnamem. Celý text tak poskytuje komplexní přehled této nové a velmi živé obchodně-politické agendy.
5
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Korporacje międzynarodowe jako podmiot (?) międzynarodowego prawa praw człowieka

72%
Kilarski W.
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
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2020
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vol. 120
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issue Tom 1
257 - 275
PL
Korporacja międzynarodowa jest uczestnikiem obrotu międzynarodowego, którego początków można szukać już w XVII wieku. Obecnie następstwa ich aktywności możemy zauważyć w różnych dziedzinach objętych prawem międzynarodowym, między innymi w międzynarodowym prawie praw człowieka. Z jednej strony liczne są, dość dobrze udokumentowane, przykłady naruszeń praw człowieka, z drugiej — coraz częściej wyrażany jest pogląd o konieczności rozciągnięcia ochrony, dotychczas przysługującej człowiekowi, także na korporacje międzynarodowe. Dlatego istotne wydaje się określenie ich pozycji w międzynarodowym prawie praw człowieka. Doktryna prawa międzynarodowego dysponuje licznymi próbami definicyjnymi, jednak żadna z nich nie ma charakteru prawnie wiążącego. Z tego względu raczej intuicyjnie wskazuje się jedynie podstawowe różnice między korporacją międzynarodową a innymi formami aktywności gospodarczej. Także przypisanie podmiotowości napotyka na trudności — brakuje prawnego jednoznacznego pojęcia i zakresu podmiotowości prawnomiędzynarodowej, co prowadzi do zróżnicowania poglądów doktrynalnych. Nie da się natomiast zaprzeczyć, że korporacji międzynarodowej przyznaje się pewien poziom ochrony w zakresie międzynarodowego prawa praw człowieka — orzecznictwo Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka jest tego wystarczającym przykładem. Równie silnie w doktrynie brzmi teza o konieczności przestrzegania praw człowieka przez korporacje międzynarodowe, a w wypadku ich naruszania — odpowiedzialności wobec ofiar tych naruszeń. Brak prawnie wiążących rozwiązań w tym zakresie powoduje, że praktycznych rozwiązań w tej kwestii jest wiele, żadne z nich nie jest jednak wystarczająco efektywne. Prowadzone aktualnie w ramach Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych prace nad przyjęciem projektu wiążącego aktu prawa międzynarodowego daje pewną nadzieję na przyszłość. Trudno jednak z całą pewnością stwierdzić, czy i w jakiej ostatecznej formie wejdzie on kiedykolwiek w życie.
EN
Multinational corporations participate in international relations, whose origins can be traced back to as early as the 17th century. Currently, the consequences of their activity can be seen in various areas covered by international law, including in international human rights law. On the one hand, there are numerous, fairly well-documented examples of human rights violations. On the other, the view is being expressed increasingly more often regarding the need to extend protection previously available to human beings also to multinational corporations. Therefore, it seems important to determine their position in international human rights law. The doctrine of international law has a number of definitional attempts, but none of them is legally binding. Therefore, only basic differences between a multinational corporation and other forms of economic activity are indicated rather intuitively. Attribution of subjectivity also faces difficulties — the lack of a legal unambiguous concept and scope of legal-international subjectivity leads to a diversity of doctrinal views. But it cannot be denied that a multinational corporation is granted a certain level of protection in the field of international human rights law — the case law of the European Court of Human Rights is a sufficient example. Equally strong in the doctrine is the thesis that multinational corporations must respect human rights, and in the event of their violation — responsibility towards the victims of these violations. The lack of legally binding solutions in this area means that there are many practical solutions in this area, but none of them are effective enough. The ongoing work under the United Nations to adopt a draft binding act of international law gives some hope for the future. However, it is difficult to say with certainty whether and in what final form it will ever enter into force.
6
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Specyfika odpowiedzialności za naruszenia Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka związane z działalnością nieuznawanych reżimów – analiza orzecznictwa

62%
Zaręba S.
Studia Prawnicze
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2016
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issue 3 (207)
27-66
EN
The aim of the article is to compare the way in which the issue of responsibility for violations related to the acts of unrecognized authorities claiming to be States is treated by the European Court of Human Rights and other international courts, particularly the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The article considers in detail the relations between jurisdiction and responsibility, responsibility of parent States (including the concept of “positive obligations”) and responsibility of States which provide assistance to unrecognized regimes (with emphasis put on the concept of “effective control”). The results of the study indicate that the jurisprudence of the European Court differs in several important aspects from decisions of other international courts. These differences, while undoubtedly enhancing the protection of human rights in Europe, contribute to the process of fragmentation of the law of international responsibility.
7
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The  ways of identification of jus cogens and invocation of international responsibility

58%
Mrázek J.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2017
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vol. 7
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issue 2
103-118
EN
This article deals with identification of jus cogens norms and international responsibility arising under a peremptory norms of general international law. The concept of jus cogens implies some kind of legal “superiority” of these norms over common traditional rules of international law. This concept is based on acceptance and recognition of these norms by international community of states (and of international governmental organisations) with the aim to protect its vital values and international legal order. The legal concept of jus cogens in international law was introduced by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). This Convention, however, does not provide the explanation of the creation or identification of these norms. The idea of jus cogens norms was originally denied by the adherents of legal positivism and supported by the representatives of various natural schools. In author’s view jus cogens norms are to be identified not only in customary international law but also in conventional international law. The norms of jus cogens limit the will of states in their behaviour, protecting the fundamental values of the human civilization. Jus cogens norms are created in the same way as customary or conventional international law. When the customary or conventional rules of international law reach the status of jus cogens they acquire a special position and significance. These norms can be modified in very complicated way. Besides there is no general agreement as to which rules have this character. The main ways of jus cogens identification must be the practice of states and the decision of international courts. Violations of jus cogens norms endangering the whole international community entail special international responsibility.
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Zgodność prawa krajowego z prawem międzynarodowym na przykładzie Polski. Uwagi ogólne

51%
Mielnik B.
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
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2020
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vol. 120
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issue Tom 1
321 - 334
PL
Państwo polskie pojawiło się na arenie międzynarodowej ponownie po I wojnie światowej. Prawo międzynarodowe zawsze odgrywało znaczącą rolę w kształtowaniu się naszego porządku prawnego, gdyż Polska od początku swego istnienia musiała respektować liczne zobowiązania umowne, zarówno wielostronne, będące jeszcze częścią traktatów pokojowych, jak i umowy dwustronne. Sądy polskie w okresie międzywojennym były dość przychylne prawu międzynarodowemu, choć nieuregulowanie kwestii kolizyjnych w polskich konstytucjach komplikowało nieco sytuację, co stawiało RP w niekorzystnym świetle na arenie międzynarodowej. W latach 1945–1989 prawo międzynarodowe było obecne w orzecznictwie polskich sądów tylko wyjątkowo. Proponowano zastosować metodę ex prioprio vigore. Reformy rozpoczęte w roku 1989 i uznanie RP za demokratyczne państwo prawa wymusiło jednak zmiany i sądy polskie znów stały się bardziej przychylne normom międzynarodowym. Nowa konstytucja zaś ustanowiła nowy porządek prawny, powołując się na obowiązek państwa do przestrzegania prawa międzynarodowego, w tym prawa organizacji międzynarodowych. Zagadnienie relacji między prawem wewnętrznym RP a prawem międzynarodowym nie jest jednak całkowicie oczywiste, pomimo kilku orzeczeń Sądu Najwyższego i Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. Niniejszy artykuł ogólnie przybliża te kwestie.
EN
The Polish State was restored in the aftermath of the First World War. International law had always played a crucial role in laying down the foundations of the Polish legal order, for not only Poland had to respect numerous obligations, both of a multilateral character (as part of the peace treaties) and bilateral ones. In the interwar period, then, the Polish courts adopted a rather friendly approach towards international law, although the lack of constitutional provisions on collisions was detrimental to the Polish position in the international plane. In the subsequent period (1945–1989), international law was only exceptionally referred to in the jurisprudence of the Polish courts and was proposed to be applicable ex proprio vigore when necessary. The reforms started in 1989 and the recognition of Poland as a democratic state governed by the rule of law implied the adoption of a more friendly approach by the Polish judicial institutions towards international law. The new Constitution created a new legal order stressing the State’s obligation to comply with its international obligations, including those stemming from the law of international organisations. Despite the few decisions by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court on the relations between Polish domestic law and international law, these questions are not entirely free from controversy and it is the purpose of the present paper to clarify these issues.
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